Mood Disorders KT Flashcards
antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs
relive schizophrenia and similar conditions
atypical antidepressants
miscellaneous group of drugs with antidepressant effects with mild side effetcs
inhibits reuptake of dopamine and some norepinephrine, but NOT SEROTONIN
autism spectrum disorder
affects ability to connect and communicate
bipolar disorder
alternating states of depression and mania
butyrophenones
includes halperidol (Haldol) - block dopamine synapse
chlorpromazine
relieves positive symptoms of schizophrenia
first drug used to treat schizophrenia
concordance
agreement
monozygotic twins have much higher
deep brain stimulation
delusions
false ideas and beliefs
differential diagnosis
DISC1
disrupted in schizophrenia 1
gene controls rate of generation of new neurons and dendritic spine profuction
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
excess activity at dopamine synapses
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
electrically induced seizure used for treatment of severe depression
folic acid
may relieve depressive symptoms, ingredient in mood stabilizers
glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
deficient activity at glutamate synapses
dopamine inhibits glutamate release or glutamate stimulates neurons that inhibit dopamine release
Increased dopamine thus produces the same effects as decreased glutamate
hallucinations
false sensory sensations
lithium
salt that stabilizes mood and prevents relapse in mania or depression
major depression
feeling sad and helpless everyday for weeks and includes:
-Little energy
–Feelings of worthlessness
–Suicidal thoughts
–Feelings of hopelessness
–Difficulty sleeping
–Difficulty concentrating
–Little pleasure
mania
mesolimbocortical system
set of neurons that project from midbrain to limbic system - where antipsychotics have positive effects
methadone
monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
block enzyme that eats serotonin -> more transmitters in presynaptic terminal that can be released
negative symptom
take away from experience
absent emotion, speech, and socialization
neurodevelopmental hypothesis
abnormalities in prenatal or neonatal development of nervous system leads to minor brain abnormalities and major abnormalities in behavior
result from genetics
environment aggravate
nucleus accumbens
motivation
phencyclidine (PCP)
support glutamate hypothesis
Low doses produce intoxication and slurred speech
–Larger doses produce positive and negative symptoms
–Produce little psychotic responses in preadolescents; produce relapse in people with prior schizophrenia
phenothiazines
positive symptoms
add to experience; behaviors that should not be there
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior
schizophrenia
deteriorating ability to function in everyday life for at least six mos. and at least two of the following:
–Hallucinations: i.e., “hearing voices”
–Delusions: unjustifiable beliefs
–Disorganized speech
–Grossly disorganized behavior
–Weak or absent signs of emotion, speech, and socialization
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
treatment?
form of depression that regularly occurs in a particular season
very bright light - regulating circadian rhythm
season-of-birth effect
people born in winter have a slightly greater probability of developing schizophrenia could be because illnesses are more common and nutrition
second-generation antipsychotics
seldom cause movement problems
more effective at treating negative symptoms
less effect on dopamine D2 receptors; more on serotonin type 5-HT2
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
blocking reuptake of serotonin
self-stimulation of the brain
serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
substance-induced psychotic disorder
hallucinations and delusions resulting from repeated large doses of amphetamines, methamphetamines, or cocaine
tardive dyskinesia
main late onset condition among the Antipsychotics. These are involuntary movements, mainly of the tongue and mouth with twisting of the tongue, chewing, and grimacing movements of the face.
tricyclics
block transporter that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into presynaptic neuron after release
(MD)
What is a more reliable symptom that increased sadness?
absence of happiness
After age 14, ajor depression is more common in
women
What increases risk of major depression?
Risk is elevated among relatives of people with early-onset depression
What gene has been identified in causing major depression?
one that controls the serotonin transporter gene
controls the ability of the axon to reabsorb the neurotransmitter after release
What disease has been linked to depression/schizophrenia?
Borna
what are side effects of tricyclics? why?
drowsiness, dry mouth, difficulty urinating, heart irregularities
block histamine, acetylcholine receptors, and some sodium channels
which antidepressant drugs are prescribed if SSRIs and tricyclics are not effective?
MAOIs
Which antidepressants have the same effect as tricyclics but less side effects?
SSRIs
herb often used as treatment of depression
St Johns Wort
BDNF
brain-derived neurotrophic factor; important for synaptic activity
Prolonged used of antidepressants increases _________ production
BDNF
Drugs work better for ________ than psychotherapy
dysthymia: long term unhappy mood
side effect of ECT
memory loss
lifelong trait of people that are depressed:
sleep pattern disruption; awaken early and are unable to get back to sleep
What is the quickest method of relieving depression? What is a more practical solution?
a night of total sleep deprivation
benefit is brief, and increased sensitivity to pain
go to sleep earlier
Exercise recommended for depression
why?
regular, non-strenuous
increased neurogenesis & BDNF
decrease stress hormones
unipolar disorder
alternating states of normality and depression
bipolar I
bipolar II
most people suffering from depression have decreased activity in _____ hemisphere & increased activity in the ______ hemisphere
left; right
What are the main symptoms of schizophrenia?
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, weak emotion/speech/socialization
the older age of the _____ at birth the more likely they are to have schizophrenia
father
for ____zygotic schizophrenic twins there is a 50% concordance
mono
childhood infections like toxoplasma gondii lead to some schizophrenic symptoms. What animal does it reproduce in and are to be owned in shildhood by schizophrenics>
cat
mid brain abnormalities and schizophrenia
less than average gray matter & larger ventricles
deficits in left temporal and frontal areas
thalamus is smaller
what drugs are involved with substance-induced psychotic disorder
cocaine, amphetamine, and LSD - increase activity in dopamine receptors
schizophrenics have ____ as many D2 receptors
twice
what drug psychosis is similar to schizophrenia
PCP
second generation (atypical) antipsychotics
alleviate schizophrenia with no movement issues
stronger effects on D4 and serotonin receptors
more effective than typical
