Development And Plasticity Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

When does the nervous system begin to form for an embryo>

A

2wks

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2
Q

How much does the brain weigh at birth?

A

350g

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3
Q

First year how much does brain weight

A

1000g

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4
Q

How much does the adult brain weigh

A

1200-1400g

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5
Q

Proliferation

A

Production of new cells/neurons in brain

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6
Q

migration

A

Movement of newly formed neurons and glia to location

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7
Q

T/F some neurons dont reach their location until adulthood

A

True

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8
Q

How does migration happen?

A

Follow chemical paths

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9
Q

Differentiation

A

Forming of axon and dendrite that gives neuron its shape

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10
Q

What part of the neuron grows first? When?

A

Axon
During migration/when it reaches target

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11
Q

When do dendrites develop

A

After axon

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12
Q

Where does myelination first occur

A

Spinal cord

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13
Q

Synaptogenesis? When does it occur?

A

Formation of synapses between neurons
Constantly forming and discarding old ones

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14
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that generate daughter cells that can transform into glia or neurons

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15
Q

What do stem cells differentiate into?

A

New neurons in the hippocampus

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16
Q

Do mammalian cerebral cortexes form new neurons after birth?

A

No

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17
Q

How do axons reach their target areas?

A

Following a gradient of chemicals- more attracted to some chemicals and repelled by others

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18
Q

Strengthen connections with some cells and eliminate connections w others

A

Postsynaptic cells

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19
Q

What controls the formation or elimination of connections?

A

Inputs from incoming axons

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20
Q

Neural Darwinism

A

Initially form more connections than we need
Most successful connections survive

21
Q

Nerve growth factor

A

Promotes survival and growth of axons

22
Q

How does the brain’s system enable exact matching of number of incoming axons to number of receiving cells

23
Q

Neurotropin

A

Chemical that promotes neuron survival

24
Q

Why is the visual cortex thicker on blind people?

A

Lack of stimuli; cannot prune out ineffective neurons

25
Chemical distortions in brain during development can cause
Impairment and developmental problems
26
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Mother drinks heavily during pregnancy
27
What are the dendrites like in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
Short
28
What does alcohol in the fetus brain suppress and enhance? What does this cause
Glutamate Release of GABA Less excitation, more apoptosis
29
Smoked cigarettes
Risk for ADHD
30
What do antidepressants during pregnancy increase the risk of
Heart problems
31
________ neurons transplanted to a ______ part of the cortex develop the properties of the new location
Immature Developing
32
neurons transplanted at a _____ stage of development develop some new but retain some old properties
Later
33
How does fine-tuning work?
Dendrites continue to modify structure and connections through life time Dendrites continually grow new spines
34
Rats raised in an _______ environment develop a _____ cortex and _______ dendritic branching
Enriched Thicker Incr
35
What helps expansion of neurons
Physical activity
36
Closed head injury
Sharp blow to head that does not puncture brain
37
Stroke
Temporary loss of blood flow to brain
38
Ischemia
Blood clot that causes neurons to lose oxygen and glucose supplu
39
Excitoxiticity
Neurons flooded with excess blood, calcium, oxygen, and other chemicals
40
Edema
Accumulation of fluid in brain resulting in increased pressure
41
Diaschisis
Decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons
42
Cell bodies cannot be ____ but axons do _____
Replaced Grow back
43
Damaged axons only regenerate ______ mm
1-2
44
Denerviation supersensitivity
Heightened sensitivity to neurotransmitter after the destruction of incoming axon
45
Phantom limb
Continuation of sensation of amputated body part
46
Collateral sprouts
New branches formed by other non damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors
47
Autism has ____ paths
Multiple
48
What does brain development in autistic children
Larger, but areas are under activated Later period of degeneration