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BioPsych > Development And Plasticity > Flashcards

Development And Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

When does the nervous system begin to form for an embryo>

A

2wks

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2
Q

How much does the brain weigh at birth?

A

350g

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3
Q

First year how much does brain weight

A

1000g

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4
Q

How much does the adult brain weigh

A

1200-1400g

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5
Q

Proliferation

A

Production of new cells/neurons in brain

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6
Q

migration

A

Movement of newly formed neurons and glia to location

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7
Q

T/F some neurons dont reach their location until adulthood

A

True

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8
Q

How does migration happen?

A

Follow chemical paths

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9
Q

Differentiation

A

Forming of axon and dendrite that gives neuron its shape

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10
Q

What part of the neuron grows first? When?

A

Axon
During migration/when it reaches target

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11
Q

When do dendrites develop

A

After axon

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12
Q

Where does myelination first occur

A

Spinal cord

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13
Q

Synaptogenesis? When does it occur?

A

Formation of synapses between neurons
Constantly forming and discarding old ones

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14
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that generate daughter cells that can transform into glia or neurons

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15
Q

What do stem cells differentiate into?

A

New neurons in the hippocampus

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16
Q

Do mammalian cerebral cortexes form new neurons after birth?

A

No

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17
Q

How do axons reach their target areas?

A

Following a gradient of chemicals- more attracted to some chemicals and repelled by others

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18
Q

Strengthen connections with some cells and eliminate connections w others

A

Postsynaptic cells

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19
Q

What controls the formation or elimination of connections?

A

Inputs from incoming axons

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20
Q

Neural Darwinism

A

Initially form more connections than we need
Most successful connections survive

21
Q

Nerve growth factor

A

Promotes survival and growth of axons

22
Q

How does the brain’s system enable exact matching of number of incoming axons to number of receiving cells

A

Apoptosis

23
Q

Neurotropin

A

Chemical that promotes neuron survival

24
Q

Why is the visual cortex thicker on blind people?

A

Lack of stimuli; cannot prune out ineffective neurons

25
Q

Chemical distortions in brain during development can cause

A

Impairment and developmental problems

26
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Mother drinks heavily during pregnancy

27
Q

What are the dendrites like in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Short

28
Q

What does alcohol in the fetus brain suppress and enhance?
What does this cause

A

Glutamate
Release of GABA
Less excitation, more apoptosis

29
Q

Smoked cigarettes

A

Risk for ADHD

30
Q

What do antidepressants during pregnancy increase the risk of

A

Heart problems

31
Q

________ neurons transplanted to a ______ part of the cortex develop the properties of the new location

A

Immature
Developing

32
Q

neurons transplanted at a _____ stage of development develop some new but retain some old properties

A

Later

33
Q

How does fine-tuning work?

A

Dendrites continue to modify structure and connections through life time
Dendrites continually grow new spines

34
Q

Rats raised in an _______ environment develop a _____ cortex and _______ dendritic branching

A

Enriched
Thicker
Incr

35
Q

What helps expansion of neurons

A

Physical activity

36
Q

Closed head injury

A

Sharp blow to head that does not puncture brain

37
Q

Stroke

A

Temporary loss of blood flow to brain

38
Q

Ischemia

A

Blood clot that causes neurons to lose oxygen and glucose supplu

39
Q

Excitoxiticity

A

Neurons flooded with excess blood, calcium, oxygen, and other chemicals

40
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in brain resulting in increased pressure

41
Q

Diaschisis

A

Decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

42
Q

Cell bodies cannot be ____ but axons do _____

A

Replaced
Grow back

43
Q

Damaged axons only regenerate ______ mm

A

1-2

44
Q

Denerviation supersensitivity

A

Heightened sensitivity to neurotransmitter after the destruction of incoming axon

45
Q

Phantom limb

A

Continuation of sensation of amputated body part

46
Q

Collateral sprouts

A

New branches formed by other non damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors

47
Q

Autism has ____ paths

A

Multiple

48
Q

What does brain development in autistic children

A

Larger, but areas are under activated
Later period of degeneration

BioPsych (5 decks)

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