Test 2 Flashcards
Levels of Organization
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- System Level
- Organismal Level
Standard Position
- Subject stands erect facing observer
- Head level and eyes facing forward
- Lower limbs parallel
- Feet flat on floor directed forward
- Upper limbs at side
- Palms facing forward
Superior
Above or higher in position; Toward the head
Cranial
Relating to the skull or head; Toward the head
Inferior
Below or lower in position; Toward the feet
Rostral
Relating to the hose and mouth region; Toward the face
Caudal
Relating to the tail; at or near the tail or posterior part of the body
Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
Ventral
Relating to the belly side of the body; Toward the belly
Dorsal
Relating to the back side of the body; Toward the back
Medial
Nearer to the midline
Lateral
Farther from the midline
Intermediate
Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body’s midline as another structure
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body’s midline from another structure
Proximal
Nearer to the attachmen of a limb to the trunk; Nearer to the origination of a structure
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; Farther from the origination of a structure
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
External
Toward the outside of a structure
Internal
Toward the inside of a structure
Cephalic
Towards the head
Coronal Plane
- Frontal Plane
- Upright / Rotating sideways
Transverse Plane
- Horizontal Plane
- Rotating sideways
Paramedian Plane
- Parasagittal Plane
- Doesn’t pass through the midline
- Upright/Rotate forward and backward
Median plane
- Sagittal Plane
- Upright/Rotate forward and backward
Body Cavities
- Cranial Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity
- Adominopelvic Cavity
Cranial Cavity
- Contains vertebral canal
Thoracic Cavity
- Contains pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Parietal membrane
Lines space, further from organ
Visceral membrane
Closest to organ
Macrophages
- Variably present cells
- Phagocytosis
- Fixed/resting, wandering
- WBC Origin (monocytes)
Reticular Fibers
- Fibroblasts > Fibers
Fibroblasts
- Variably present cells
- Form the matrix
- Flat, spindle
- Branched
Collagen Fibers
- Fibroblasts > Fibers
Mast Cells
- Variably present cells
- Along blood vessels
- WBC Origin (Basophils)
- Histamine (Vasodilator)
Plasmacytes
- Variably present cells
- Small, round
- WBC Origin (B Lymphocytes)
- Antibodies (Immunity
Ground Substance
- Variable composition (Blood vs. Bone)
- Supports, binds cells
- Active exchange medium
Neutrophils + Eosinophils
- Variably present cells
- WBCs
- Increased number with a condition
adipocytes
- Variably present cells
- Triglyceride storage
- Subcutaneous, around organs
Blood Vessel
- Vascular and nerve supply (cartilage)
- Tendon, ligament
Elastic Fibers
- Fibroblasts > Fibers
Areolar Tissue
L: Subcutaneous layer, superficial dermis, around organs and blood vessels, lamina propria, common with adipose
F: Strength, Elasticity, Support
Adipose Tissue
L: Subcutaneous layer, eye sockets, around heart and kidneys, joints, yellow bone marrow
F: Protect, support, insulate, energy reserve
Reticular Tissue
L: Reticular lamina, organ stroma
F: Organ stroma, binds smooth muscle cells, filters/removes blood cells (spleen) and microbes (lymph nodes)
Dense Regular
L: Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
F: Strong attachments, resists tension
Dense Irregular
L: Joint capsules, fascia, deep dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, membranes around organs, heart valves
F: Tensile strength
Elastics
L: Lungs, arteries, trachea, ligamenta flava
F: Allows stretching, recoil
Hyaline
Most have perichondrium
L: Developing skeleton, ends long bones, nasal septum, trachea, larynx, rib cage
F: Flexibility, support, smooth joints
Fibrocartilage
No perichondrium
L: Intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphisis, tendon insertions into cartilage
F: Support, fusion, shock absorption
Elastic Cartilage
L: Ear (auricle), epliglottis, auditory tubes
F: Support, maintains shape
