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BIO 344 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which region is this:

From Mexico to the southern tip of South America?

A

Neotropics

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2
Q

What clade does the South American Native Ungulates (SANU) belong to?

A

Meridiungulata

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3
Q

Which group includes sloths, glyptodonts, anteaters, and armadillos?

A

Xenarthrans

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4
Q

Which group is composed of the ‘terror birds’. Giant, flightless, predatory birds?

A

Phorusrhacidae

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5
Q

Which group includes both Marsupials and Sprassodonts?

A

Metatherians

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6
Q

What are the 3 extant Orders of marsupials in the Americas?

A
  • the Didelphimorphia
  • the Paucituberculata
  • the Microbiotheriidae
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7
Q

When did marsupials diverge from the Eutherians?

A

90 million years ago

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8
Q

Explain a rafting event.

A

Animals are washed out to sea during floods and storms and “rafts” made of debris are carried by currents to surrounding islands and continents

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9
Q

Volcanic activity that created uplift near Panama about 2.7 MYA, connecting SA to CA, brought about which event?

A

The Great American Biotic Interchange

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10
Q

Why did the Neotropic species who ventured North fair worse than their Nearctic counterparts?

A

due to 2 main issues: competition for resources in a new environment and diversification of forms
- the nearctic outcompeted the neotropic organisms and the Neotropic organisms did not diversify in the north

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11
Q

What can be though of as the same geologic event that created GABI also cut off the Central American Seaway?

A

The Great American Schism

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12
Q

What is migration?

A

long distance movement of animals usually on an annual or seasonal basis

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13
Q

What is when large numbers of a species move beyond their normal range sometimes because of food scarcity?

A

irruptions

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14
Q

What is it called when animals don’t take a long term journey but stay local and move downwards to warmer lowlands?

A

altitudinal migration

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15
Q

what is it called when animals are driven off course by severe weather and show up in LARGE numbers in a new place?

A

drift migration

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16
Q

what is it called when an animal or small number of animal end up outside their normal ranges?

A

vagrancy

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17
Q

what is the primary cue for migration in birds?

A

length of daylight

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18
Q

what do changes in daylight coincide with? what does this lead to?

A
  • hormonal changes
  • Zungunruhe (migratory restlessness)
    - birds have higher activity levels and higher levels of fat deposition
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19
Q

what is/are a secondary cue for migration in birds?

A

local temperature

sex, males return to breeding sites earlier than females

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20
Q

where is bird migration primarily a phenomenon?

A

Northern Hemisphere

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21
Q

what are the dangers of migration?

A

natural catastrophes/ severe weather
increased predation
novel pathogens

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22
Q

what are some adaptations birds have evolved for their energy intensive migration?

A

increased effective area for gas exchange
large hearts
high hemoglobin concentration
high capillary density in flight muscles

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23
Q

What is a reason for why whales migrate to warmer waters?

A
  • warmer waters allow whales to shed their skin in an environment where their core body temperature wouldn’t be jeopardized
  • need to molt because the skin has harmful bacteria attached to it
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24
Q

What are the 3 components of natural selection?

A

variation
heritability
difference in reproductive success

25
Q

what is it when the allele frequency remains the same over generations

A
  • genetic equilibrium

- the null hypothesis for evolution

26
Q

What are the 5 condition for Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  1. complete random mating
  2. population is large
  3. no gene flow
  4. no mutations/ new alleles
  5. no natural selection
27
Q

What are some violations to Hardy - Weinberg?

A
  1. non-random mating: assortative and disassortative mating
  2. non-infinite population, therefore genetic drift
  3. gene flow
  4. natural selection
  5. mutation rate
28
Q

what are the vast majority of mutations that affect mutations?

A

deleterious

29
Q

what are polygenetic traits?

A

traits controlled by multiple genes

30
Q

what is directional selection?

A

when the range of phenotypes shift in one direction due to some individuals being more succesful

31
Q

what is stabilizing selection?

A

when natural selection works against the two extremes of the population and favors the intermediate phenotype

32
Q

what is disruptive selection?

A

when natural selection favors the extremes at the cost of the intermediate traits

33
Q

what is evolutionary mismatch?

A

rapid changes in the environment or novel stimuli that make once adaptive traits, maladaptive

34
Q

What is background extinction?

A

the normal amount of organisms that go extinct over a given time period

35
Q

how can you calculate the rate of extinction over a given time period?

A

E/MSY
E = the number of extinctions
MSY= per millions of species years
(the number of extinctions expected per 10,000 species per 100 years)

36
Q

what is a conservative estimate of background extinction for all vertebrate animals?

A

2 E/MSY

2 extinctions per 10,000 species per 100 years

37
Q

what is mass extinction?

A

a widespread, relatively rapid decrease in the biodiversity and abundance of organisms

38
Q

What is the significance of mass extinctions? Provide an example.

A
  • have enormous effects on evolution
  • when the dinosaurs became extinct (End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction) mammals were able to inhabit the niches that became void
39
Q

When did the End-Ordoviciian Mass Extinction occur?

A

2 pulses:

  1. 2 MYA - 443.8 MYA
  2. 8 MYA - 440.8 MYA
40
Q

how many species did the End-Ordovician Mass Extinction eliminate?

A

85% of all species that had lived in the Ordovician

- brachiopods, trilobites, conodonts, and bryozoans

41
Q

when did the End- Cretaceous Mass Extinction occur?

A

66 MYA

42
Q

How many animals went extinct during the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction?

A

3/4 of life

  • all non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs went extinct
  • no tetrapods over 55 lbs survived except for sea turtles and crocodilians
43
Q

what is the most credible cause for the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction?

A

the impact of a giant asteroid on the Gulf of Mexico side of the Yucatan Peninsula.

44
Q

what did the asteroid hitting the earth cause in the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction?

A

an impact winter- threw enough particulate matter into the air that sunlight was blocked preventing photosynthesis

45
Q

What are the pieces of evidence that the asteroid caused the End-Cretaceous MAss Extinction?

A
  • an iridium layer was found globally
  • the K-Pg boundary was full of tiny spherules of rock, crystallized from molten rock formed by the impact
  • evidence of megatsunamis around the Southern US, Caribbean, and Mexican coasts linked to the impact
46
Q

What are the probable causes for the Holocene-Anthropocene Extinction?

A
  • agriculture: habitat destructuion and climate change to make land for growing crops and animals
  • hunting: removed enough methane from the atmosphere it made the climate unstable
47
Q

What are the extant jawless fish called?

A

cyclostomes

48
Q

what are the 2 main groups of the extant cyclostomes?

A

hagfish

lamprey

49
Q

how are the gills of the cyclostomes set up?

A

in the form of pouches. internal the pouches are connected to the pharynx and externally they are open to the water

50
Q

what is the form of respiration where a jaw is needed to close and seal off the mouth to prevent water from exiting the mouth instead of the gills called?

A

the ventilation hypothesis of jaw evolution

51
Q

what is another method of respiration?

A

ram ventilation

- fish opens its mouth and swims or the current forces water into its mouth and over the gills

52
Q

what struct formed the architecture from where the jaw began to evolve?

A

branchial arches

53
Q

what is considered to the be the first gnathostomes?

A

placoderms

54
Q

what type of bone is the placoderm jaw made up of?

A

dermal bone

55
Q

what is the difference between dermal bone and endochondral bone?

A

dermal bone is formed within the dermis and endochondral bone is formed when cartilage is calcified

56
Q

Why is it significant that placoderms exhibited dermal bone?

A

previously it was thought endochondral bone was the ancient condition

57
Q

how were the jaws of qilinyu rostrata reinforced?

A

by a small external surface of dermal bone

58
Q

what is bone found in Qilinyu present in the cheek of most living animals?

A

jugal bone

zygomatic bone- mammals

BIO 344 (8 decks)

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