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N201 anti-diarrheal meds > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Barriers to adequate nutrition

A 
impairment in swallowing 
altered sensory perception
poverty or lack of access
developmental age
medications
alcoholism
intestinal surface area
mechanical fixation
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2
Q

Kcal per gram of fat

A

9kcal per g

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3
Q

Kcal per gram of carbohydrate

A

4kcal per g

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4
Q

Kcal per gram of protein

A

4kcal per g

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5
Q

corticosteroids

A

take with food or milk to decrease GI upset

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6
Q

oral narcotics

A

take with food to decrease GI upset

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7
Q

if no food during medications time frame

A

take 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating

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8
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

no dairy

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9
Q

tetracycline

A

no food or dairy

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10
Q

MAOIs

A

avoid food with tyramine

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11
Q

grapefruit

A

watch grapefruit juice with many different drugs

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12
Q

nutrients are required for

A

energy
growth
maintenance
repair

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13
Q

who should be monitored during meal at an extended care facility?

A

client with Alzheimer’s

mental deficit or aspiration risk

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14
Q

what would you recommend to a client that goes home with nutrition needs?

A

consult social services for home meal delivery
encourage buying frozen fruit/ veg
recommend drinking supplements
investigate adult community lunch programs

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15
Q

food allergy

A

overreaction of the immune system of food protein or large molecule body produces antibodies to protect itself
this can be a response that is immediate or delayed up to a day.

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16
Q

most common food allergies

A 
peanuts
milk
eggs
wheat
seafood
or cross reactive such as ragweed also to melons and bananas.
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17
Q

symptoms of an allergic food reaction

A

skin- urticaria
GI- nausea, vomiting
respiratory problems difficulty breathing
risk of anaphylaxis

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18
Q

types of diets

A 
NPO
clear liquid
full liquid
pureed diet
soft low fiber diet
mechanical soft diet
regular diet
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19
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth including water

long time needs iv

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20
Q

clear liquid

A

foods that are clear and liquid at room temp
minimal digestion
(Water, tea, coffee, fat-free broth, carbonated beverages, clear juices, gelatin, popsicles)
reduces gas and fecal material
post op recovery

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21
Q

full liquid diet

A

any liquids at room temp
if longer than 2-3 days supplement shake needed
intolerance to solid fd or post op recovery

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22
Q

pureed diet

A

blended diet
food is easier to swallow
some or no foods excluded add broth or water when blending.

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23
Q

soft bland low fiber diet

A

whole foods low in fiber, lightly seasoned
gas forming foods excluded (fruits, veggies, coarse breads, cereals) beans
GI disorders chewing issues acute infections
in-between full liquids and regular diets

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24
Q

Lactose free diet

A

food intolerance not allergy
gas bloating and diarrhea
those with missing enzyme inability to metabolize lactose
treated milk lactaid

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25
Q

food intolerance

A

missing enzyme to break down food such as lactase for lactose

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26
Q

heart disease diet

A

low cholesterol diet less than 200 mg/day
consume low saturated fat diet
start exercising quit tobacco
1 glass of red wine a day reduces risk of CHD

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27
Q

CHF diets

A

reduce sodium intake 1,2,3mg

monitor fluid intake/ output

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28
Q

MI diet

A

liquid diet best for first 24 hours after
caffeine should be avoided since stimulates HR
counsel about heart healthy diet

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29
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

most common anemia
sources of iron
beef liver, red meat, fish, poultry, tofu, dried beans, whole grains, dried fruits/ peas

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30
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

A

inadequate intake
natural sources fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk
vegans need supplemental B12

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31
Q

Folic acid deficiency anemia

A

caused by malnutrition, malabsorption, drugs

sources are leafy green veggies, dried peas, beans, liver, seeds, OJ, fortified cereals/ breads, or supplements.

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32
Q

Diets for GI disorders

A

low fiber diet: slows gastric movement. used short term for diarrhea, acute diverticulitis, malabsorption syndrome, preparation for bowl surgery/ procedures

High fiber diets: foods containing > 5g/serving
helps increase stool bulk, stimulates peristalsis, prevents constipation, protects against colon cancer.

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33
Q

BRAT diet

A

B: bananas
R: Rice
A: applesauce
T: toast

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34
Q

causes of constipation

A

irregular bowl habits, PsychoGenic factors, inactivity, chronic laxative use/ abuse
obstruction
poor intake of fiber/ water

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35
Q

Causes of diarrhea

A

emotional/ physical stress, GI disorders, mal absorption conditions, infections, certain medications

diarrhea may cause loss of K, Na and fluid

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36
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

complications after gastric surgeries inhibits pyloric sphincter and control of food into the small intestines
no food one hour after eating or during meal
restrict lactose
recommend small frequent meals
nausea vomiting, dizziness rapid heartbeat hypo glycemia within 15 mins post eating

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37
Q

GERD

A 
encourage weight loss 
avoid large meals at bedtime
avoid trigger foods
avoid fatty foods spicy foods caffeine 
alcohol
cigarette smoke 
chocolate
peppermint
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38
Q

Diverticulosis/ diverticulitis

A

inflammation of fecal matter getting trapped in diverticula

educate about high fiber diet
lower fiber intake

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39
Q

gluten restricted diet

A

wheat rye are omitted

celiac disease is a malabsorption disorder

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40
Q

ESRD

A

high protein low phosphorus low sodium low potassium

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41
Q

hypoglycemic

A 
rules of 15 
15g of carbs 
retest if 70-75mg/dl repeat steps
1tbsp honey
5 lifesavers 
2-3 glucose tabs
15g extra if meal is an hour away and normalized
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42
Q

Albumin

A

synthesize in liver
low levels with malnutrition
burns wounds
chronic liver disease

43
Q

prealbumin

A

20-42mg/dl

best marker of acute change

44
Q

hemoglobin

A

composed of heme, an iron rich compound, a serum protein
iron needed to produce heme
low levels indicate bleeding or poor intake
decreased globulin level indicates protein intake deficiency or excessive protein loss

45
Q

BMR basal metabolic rate

A

amount of energy required at rest

total energy needs are BMR + total activity

46
Q

carbohydrates

A 
4cal per g 
45-65% advised in diet
classifications: monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides 
stored in the liver and the muscles as glycogen for energy needs
47
Q

Fiber

A

considered a carb no energy
for bowls
lowers colon cancer

48
Q

Glucose

A

carbohydrate
abundant form of energy
stored as glycogen and broken down for energy

49
Q

protein

A

plant or animal
nine amino acids linked

three types: complete
incomplete
complementary

functions: tissue building
balance of nitrogen and water
backup energy
metabolic processes
support of immune system
50
Q

protein continued

A

needs increase during pregnancy, lactation, hemorrhage, burns, surgery or wounds.

10% of daily intake 46g for women and 56g per day for men.

4 cal /g energy

51
Q

kwashiorkor

A

malnutrition caused by lack of protein while consuming adequate calories

poor appetite lethargic
growth retardation

52
Q

Marasmus

A

malnutrition caused by lack of sufficient energy or calories

infants less than a year
shrunken abdomen prominent ribs  
no fatty liver
old man face 
requires high protein, fat and carbs.
53
Q

cachexia

A

general physical wasting and malnutrition

comes with chronic disease

weight loss and deterioration in physical condition

54
Q

protein excess

A

protein is broken down and nitrogen is excreted via kidneys

high protein and diet and monitor labs

55
Q

lipids

A

9 kcal per g
secondary energy source

animal products (meat, milk, eggs)
plants (seeds, nuts, and oils)

aids in fat soluble vitamins

56
Q

types of fat

A

triglycerides: primary form of fat
phospholipid: cell membrane function from triglycerides

57
Q

cholesterol

A

needed for cell membrane stability and hormone production

can build up leading to congestion

58
Q

saturated fats

A

animal orgin

59
Q

unsaturated fats

A

usually, plant source

60
Q

essential fatty acids

A

omega 3/6

supports clotting

61
Q

Enuresis

A

involuntary urination

62
Q

Nocturnal Enuresis

A

nighttime bedwetting

63
Q

Dysuria

A

painful or difficult urination

64
Q

Nocturia

A

waking to urinate at night

65
Q

Oliguria

A

urinary output <30ml/hr

66
Q

Polyuria

A

output greater than 3000ml/day

67
Q

Anuria

A

absence of urine

68
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in urine

69
Q

high fat diet leads to

A

obesity, CVD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus

70
Q

low fat diet less than 10% leads to

A

leads to wasting

71
Q

cholesterol facts

A

no plant foods contain cholesterol

vital part for hormone building

larger intake of intake leads to higher serum cholesterol

made by saturated fat and stored in the liver

72
Q

desirable cholesterol levels

A

total: <200mg/dl
LDL: <130mg/dl
HDL: >45mg/dl

73
Q

Vitamins

A

13 essential vitamins

water soluble- vitamin C and B complex

Fat soluble- Vitamin A, D, E, K

74
Q

Water soluble

A

prone to destruction by heat or light.

not stored in large amounts in the body

75
Q

B complex

A 
B1: Thiamine
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin or nicotinic acid
B6: pyridoxine
B9: Folic acid
B12: cobalamin
76
Q

Vitamin C

A

antioxidant, iron absorption

deficiency: scurvy, decreased iron absorption,
bleeding gums

77
Q

B1 - Thiamine

A

helps change carbs into energy
whole grains eggs leafy greens

deficiency: can affect nervous, muscular, GI and CV systems

wet beriberi-
edema, weak heart muscles and vascular

Dry beriberi- paralysis, extreme muscle wasting.

dyspnea, foot drop, edema, orthopnea

78
Q

Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome

A

severe B1 deficiency

seen with alcoholism

sx: memory loss, extreme mental confusion, ataxia

TX: parenteral fluids should have B vits
can cause syndrome with increase of glucose to the brain in malnourished.

79
Q

B2 - Riboflavin

A

source: milk, meat, leafy green

Used for: growth, energy. tissue healing.

80
Q

B2- Riboflavin

deficiency

A

Cheilosis- skin eruptions
cracked lips, red swollen tongue

S/S: itchy burning eyes, lethargic, anemia, fatigue, oily skin, night blindness, developmental deformities

81
Q

B3 - Niacin

A

aids in the metabolism of fats glucose and ETOH.

Source: Liver, Nuts legumes whole grains

82
Q

B3 - Niacin

deficiency

A

pellagra (sun sensitive skin lesions) dementia

83
Q

B6 - Pyroxidine

A

source: organ meat and grains
deficiency: anemia CNS

high intake may cause sensory neuropathy

S/S: seen in late stages, dermatitis, depression, confusion, glossitis

84
Q

B9 - Folate (folic acid)

A

needed for prevention of utero defects spina bifida
anencephaly
amino acid synthesis

sources: liver, citrus fruit, whole grain products, leafy veggies

megaloblastic anemia

85
Q

B-12 Cobalamin

A

needed for red blood production

pernicious anemia seen with strict vegans.
beef liver fortified grains.

86
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamin

A

can lead to toxic levels
pts with liver disease need less
A, D, E, K

87
Q

Vitamin A - retinol, beta carotene

A

Function: vision health, tissue growth
deficiency: night blindness, immune impairment.
Toxic: liver damage, appetite loss
Source: orange and yellow colored foods eggs/dairy

88
Q

Vitamin D - Calciferol

A

helps absorption of calcium and phosphorus

regulates calcium blood levels bone/ teeth health.

Lack of it causes rickets in kids osteomalacia in adults

toxic causes hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria may cause kidney CV damage

89
Q

Vitamin E - tocopherol

A

can cause nerve and muscle weakness and vision problems

low risk of toxicity. may prolong bleeding.

90
Q

Vitamin K

A

for prothrombin production
single dose IM used for prophylactic at birth
warfarin antidote

91
Q

Vitamin D found in

A

eggs and fortified milk sunshine

92
Q

water

A

cant last more than 3 days without

young and old get dehydrated easy

93
Q

signs of dehysration

A

headache, dry skin, dry mouth, concentration, tiredness, dizzy, thirsty (late sign)

fever in infants

94
Q

minerals

A

16 essential minerals
major: calcium/ chloride/ magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

Trace: 20mg
chromium, copper, cobalt, fluoride, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium

95
Q

calcium

A

most abundant in body
nerve function
bone growth teeth formation, increase with age

96
Q

calcium homeostasis happens by what 3 ways

A

bones release calcium
intestines absorb more calcium
kidneys retain more calcium

97
Q

high calcium can cause

A

constipation
kidney stones
calcium rigor

98
Q

sodium

A

low causes : muscle cramps dehydration cardiac changes

excess: fluid retention
hypertension

for maintain blood pressure
thirst
nerve impulses

99
Q

potassium

A

For: nerve impulses
muscle contractions
promotes regular heartbeat

monitor ecg give supplements

toxicity: dysrhythmias
vomiting

deficient: cardiac dysrhythmias muscle cramps/ weakness/ confusion
banana broccoli, avocado

100
Q

Magnesium

A

high: diarrhea, weakness, CV changes
low: weakness, arrythmias, tetany, seizures, reduced blood clotting, eclampsia

101
Q

Trace minerals

A 
iodine
iron
chromium
cobalt
cooper
fluorine
manganese
molybdenum
selenium
zinc
102
Q

BMI

A

under <18.5
healthy 18.5-24.9
overweight 25-29.9
obesity >30

103
Q

Iodine

A

for thyroxine synthesis which is a thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism

low cause goiter

high is cretinism

RDA 100 -150mcg for adults

104
Q

Iron

A

nonheme iron are from plant foods

heme iron is from animal

N201 anti-diarrheal meds (3 decks)

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