TEST 2 Flashcards
how many ATP are made in pro during glycolysis
38
how many ATP are made in eukaryotes during glycolysis
36
where does glycolysis happen in the cell
cytoplast
what is a result of glycolysis
pyruvic acid
where does the Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle occur in the the cell (pro)
cytoplasmic mmb
where does the Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle occur in the the cell (eukaryotes)
Mitochondria
how many ATP come out of the kreb’s cycle/Ciytic acid cycle.
2 ATP
is O2 needed for the ETS
yes
where does the ETS happen in pro cells
cytoplasmic mmb
where does the ETS happen in eukaryotes cells
Mitochondria
total ATP produced during the ETS (pro)
34
total ATP produced during the ETS (eukaryotes )
32
is O2 needed for fermentation
no
enzyme that removes H+ from pyruvic acid
dehydrogenase
what are the gases released during fermentation
CO2 and H+
what type of fermentation only produces lactic acid
homolactic fermentation
what type of fermentation produces lactic acid and other thing
heterolactic fermentation
what is the most important product of fermentation
lactic acid
what is composed of glycerol and fatty acid
fat
what is the simplest fat
triglyceride
true or false: fat breaks down easy
false
what does lipase breakdown fat into
fatty acid and glycerol
what makes up the cell wall
protein
what enzyme removes NH2 and changes it to NH3
deaminase
def? bacteria starts to grow
purefaction
def? breakdown of organic matter to produce energy
catabolism
def? to synthesize, to produce new type of compound
anabolism
what is an anabolism intermediate
PGal
what is the one enzyme for anabolism
lipase
what are the 3 factors that control anabolism and metabolism
alternate pathway,
feedback inhibition,
gene regulation
def? controlling metabolism; enzyme and pathway of ana. and cata. are diff
alternate pathway
def? involved in time (short or fast)
feedback inhibition
def? induction of the gene; mRNA transcribe DNA molecule to rRNA; tRNA brings in aa
gene regulation
true or false : gene must be put in right environment for gene transcription
true
what kind of growth does bacteria do
binary fission
are pro or eu faster at doubling time
pro
def? division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
what kind of division do eu cells do
mitotic division
higher metabolic activity = ____ generation time
shorter
true or false: shorter generation time cause more problems
true
what part of the population growth curve doesn’t an organism grow b/c they have to adapt to the environment
lag time/adaptation phase
what part of the population growth curve is the gene turned on, they produce enzyme, they start to use food and waste
logarithmic phase/log phase
what part of the population growth curve is the gene turned off
stationary phase/ silent phase
what is the limiting factor in the stationary phase
decrease in pH, O2, food, sample, temp., change the amount of vitamin decrease
what part of the population growth curve is acid produced that causes lysis
death phase
generation time formula
G= t/3.3 log (b/B)
def? count the # of organisms in the plate or other
cell count
what is used to count eukaryote cells
hemocytometer
what equipment is used to estimate the # of all cells in a suspension
hemocytomter
what is the most reliable/accurate way to count cells in micro
colony count
def? count the # of colonies, multiplied by the dilution factor = # of organisms
colony count
def? a machine which works with electrode to count cells
Coulter counter
can Coulter counter separate living from non-living cells
no
def? uses spectrophotometer, make a dilution of microorganism, does not differentiate between dead and living organisms
turbidity
def? suspension of organism inside a tube, washed and dried
dry mass/cell mass
def? amount of waste material
cell activity
what heat do to enzymes
denatures
def? amount of salt inside the cell in higher than outside
osmotic pressure
what happens to the cell in a hypertonic environment
water moves out, shrinks
what happens to the cell in a hypotonic environment
water gets inside, enlarge and breaks
what do bacteria have that protect them from lysis
cell wall
what kind of organisms grow in the presence of O2
strict aerobe
what kind of organism grow more in the presence of O2 (on top)
facultative aerobe
what kind of organism grow more in the presence of O2 (on bottom)
facultative anaerobe
what kind of radiation are x and gamma rays
ionizing radiation
what kind of radiation is more dangerous
ionizing radiation
what kind of radiation is UV ray
non-ionizing
where does mycobacterium tuberculosis grow
lungs
where does neisseria gonrrhea grow
genitalia
bacteria that grow not in humans or animals
autotrophic
bacteria that grows inside the body of humans/animals
heterotroph
def?association between 2 species where 1 depends on the other one for survival
symbiotic association
what kind of symbiotic association is between 2 organisms; 1 is harmed but does not affect the other
amensalist association
what kind of symbiotic association is where 1 benefit w/o harming the other one; we have it but we don’t know
commensalist
what kind of symbiotic association is where both benefit from each other, if 1 is removed , the other cannot survive
mutualist
what kind of symbiotic association is an organism benefit while harming the host
parasitic association
what kind of parasitism bothers/damages the skin of the people
ectoparasitism
what kind of parasitism problem is inside internal organ
endoparasitism
what kind of symbiotic association is with commensal or muralist but when the environment change, they become parasitic
opportunist association
def? blood poison
septicemia
def? presence of bacteria inside the blood
bacteremia
def? presence of virus in the blood
viremia
def? presence of toxins inside blood
toxemia
def? ability of any organism to cause problem
pathogenicity
def? the degree of damage the organism cause
virulence
def? can be done by chem or kill organism or subculture the organism resulting in vaccine
Attenuation
def? any change in the structure or function of cells
disease
def? organisms are resident in the body
resident flora
def? temp; exposed to organism for a short time or long time
transient flora
def? disease that can be found in the population constantly
endemic
def? disease that you can see in the population for a certain time
epidemic
def? disease that can be seen in the population for a short time
pandemic
def? disease that can be found occasionally.
sporadic
def? the way of entrance of organism in the body
portal way.
what happens if the defense mechanism of the body does not work
organisms produce colony in the cells
what do colonies in a cell do
changes functions and structure
what are the 3 layers of the integument/skin
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
what is the epidermis composed of
epithelial cells
how many layers of epithelial cells are in the epidermis
5-6
what is the dermis composed of
connective tissue
true or false: the dermis does not have a lot of capillaries
false
what is the hypodermis composed of
connective tissue
what tissue is under cutaneous, less capillaries, and more fat
mucucutaneous tissue
In what kind of tissue are epithelial cells and connective tissue
cutanous
what tissue has hyaluronic acid
connective tissue
what enzyme dissolves hyaluronic acid
hyaluronidase
what produces lysosome
neutrophil
what produces myeloperoxidase
macrophages
what are the 2 glands in connective tissue
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
what gland produces sweat and is acidic
sweat gland
what gland produces fat and the skin and hair are more oily
sebaceous gland
what bodily fluid do lysosomes come from
tears and saliva
what is the most common way organisms get into the body
respiratory system
what is the 1st defense mechanism of the respiratory system
hair in nose
what is the 2nd defense mechanism of the respiratory system
epithelia cells in the trachae
bronchi cilia
how big is the large intestine
3-5 m
def? antiseptic which is released in the digestive system
bile
what part of the digestive system contains large amounts of E.coli
large intestine
what produces myeloperxidase
phagocyte
what part of the digestive system has a lot of lymph nodes/lymphocytes
appenidix
what do tonsils produce
lymphocyte
enterobacter aerogines is ___ in the digestive system
commensal
where does serrate marcescens cause problems
oral cavity
what does fungi look like
separated hyphae
buds a lot of yeast
what does fungi cause
itching scratching
does trichomonad vaginalis grow in basic or acidic conditions
acidic
what does trichomonad vaginalis cause in female
itching, scratching, vaginal discharge, smell
what does trichomonad vaginalis cause in males
urthral discharge
what shape are neisseria gonorrhea
diplococci
are neisseria gonorrhea gram neg or pos
neg
how is neisseria gonorrhea transmitted
sex
what disease does treponema palladium cause
syphilis
is treponema palladium gram neg or pos
pos
what shape is treponema palladium
spiral
what are the symptoms treponema palladium in males
lession on top of penis
is chlamydia gram neg or pos
neg
what shape is chlamydia
coccobacillus/bacillus
does chlamydia have peptidoglycan
no
how is chlamydia transmitted
personal contact or airborne
can chlamydia grow in tubes
no
what drug is used for chlamydia
oramycin
what is a good media for chlamydia
PCI
is HIV a DNA or RNA virus
rna
is herpes simplex a DNA or RNA virus
DNA
is HPV a DNA or RNA virus
DNA
what disease causes cervical cancer
herpes simplex
HPV
what does chlamydia trachomitis cause
trachoma in the eye
urethritis
what is the most common venereal disease
chlamydia trachomitis
what does chlamydia pneumonia cause
pneumonia
where does chlamydia psittacosis originate from
parrot
how is chlamydia psitti transmitted
inhalation or dry particle in the ground
what are the symptoms of chlamydia psittaci
fever
headache
chills
stress
what bacteria is closely related to chlamydia
rickettsia
what shape is rickettsia
spiral shape
coccobacillus
is rickettsia gram neg or pos
neg
true or false: rickettsia has no petidogycan
true
how is rickettsia transmitted
insect
what kind of parasite is rickettsia prowazekii, rickettsia typhi, and rickettsia rickettsii
obligate intestinal parasite
how is rickettsia prowazekii transferred
lice
Symptoms of rickettsia prowazekii
spotted fever on the skin
what does rickettsia typhi cause
typhus
how is rickettsia typhi transferred
flea
how is rickettsia rickettsii transferred
tick
what does rickettsia rickettsii cause
Rocky Mountain fever
what is the defense mechanism of the ear
sebum
what kind of media do all the ingredients must be known at exactly the same amount
chemical defined media
what kind of media is used for research not for diagnostics
chemical defined media
what kind of media can differentiate between gram pos and neg
differential media
what kind of media can select the type of organism to grow
selective media
what kind of media can organisms grow faster
enriched media
what kind of media shows aerobic, anaerobic or facultative
anaerobic media
what is the most important element need for organisms to grow
carbon
what is the simplest inorganic compound
CO2
what is the simplest organism compound
methane and formaldehyde
____ of the weight of the cell is carbon
1/2
what makes up 18% of the weight of an organism
phosphate, sulfur, nitrogen
what elements make up coenzyme
calcium, potassium, magnesium
def? CHOO enzyme + conenzyme
holoenzyme
what trace elements are in water
zinc, copper, and iodine
what is the capsule composed of
polysaccharide and polypeptide
what is the pathogenic part of the capsule
polysaccaride
what stops macrophages from attacking a pathogen
capsule
what will sit on top of the capsule and weaken it so macrophages can attack
antibody
what component of an organism is important in toxicity
cell wall
what kind of cell wall causes strep throat/ sore throat
beta cell wall
what is special about the beta cell wall
M protein
what do mycobacterium tuberculosis/ smegatis/ leprosy have in the cell wall
wax
can macrophages get inside a cell wall with wax
yes
what enzyme is produces by staph and strep
leukocydin
function of leukocydin
break neutrophil
function of hemolysin
breaks RBC
function of strptolysin
breaks down RBC
function of coagulase
blood clots
function of enterokinase
starts to dissolve fibrin and remove coagulation
what enzyme do microorganism that can go to blood via the skin produce
hyaluronidase
function of collagenase
coagulate the collagen fibers
what are the 3 fibers in the skin
elastic
reticular
collagen
true or false: exotoxin is an excretion
true
are exotoxin gram pos or neg
pos
what type of exotoxin affects/damage any type of tissue/cell
cytotoxin
what type of exotoxin damages the nervous system
neurotoxin
what type of exotoxin damages the digestive system
enterotoxin
what type of exotoxin does cornebacterium diphtheriae produce
diphtheria toxin
what type of exotoxin does streptococcus pyogenes produce
erythrocytic toxin
what type of exotoxin does clostridium botulinum produce
botulinum toxin
what type of exotoxin does tetani produce
tetanus toxin
what type of exotoxin does vibrio chlera produce
vivrio enterotoxin
what type of exotoxin does staph aureus produce
staph enterotoxin
are endotoxins gram neg or pos
neg
what is caused by organism especially the bacterial cell wall
endotoxin
what are the 3 species of staphylococcus
staphylococcus aureus
staphylococcus epidermis
staphylococcus
def? organism comes from the genital system
enterococci
