TEST 1 Flashcards
the study of microorganisms and their activity
microbio
what kinds of organisms are the majority of micro
unicellular
what kind of organism are fungi and some protozoa
multicellular
true or false: bacteria and viruses are unicellular
true
what are the 3 major aspects of microorganisms
movement
reproduction
mutation
what breaks down food in microorganisms
enzymes
what does food turn into once it is broken down in microorganisms
ATP
def? organisms show a rxn to environment
irritation
describe a beneficial relationship
benefits us
we cannot survive w/o them
describe a commensalist relationship
use us w/o harming us
in what part of your body would you find a commensalist relationship
oral cavity
describe a parasitic relationship
use us and bother us
causes problems
describe a opportunist relationship
commensal
what would happen to an immunocompromised pt that has a opportunist relationship
it can become parasitic
organism that does not have a distinct nucleus
Prokaryotic
organism that has at least 1 distinct nucleus
eukaryotic
not a cell; no cytoplast mmb, no cytoplasm
non-cellular
what kind of Metabolic activity breaks large molecule to small molecule using enzymes
Catabolism
what kind of Metabolic activity produces larger molecule
anabolism
what organism makes their own food/own organic matter
autotrophs
what organism eats food from another source
heterotroph
true or false: microorganism also use inorganic matter for survival such as Na, Ca, K, P, S
true
what can some microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and Cyanobacteria use to produce a.a.
atmospheric air
what vitamin is involved in enzyme synthesis
vit B
true or false: the environment can not change metabolic activity, growth, or sequence of mutation
false
what was the 1st type of bacteria found
berrelia
where does berrelia come from
lyme
what bacteria causes rheumatoid arthritis
berrelia
what disease was discovered in 1982
HIV/AIDS
what bacteria was discovered from jack in the box
escherichia coli
what are the effects of escherichia coli
bleeding in the intestine —> bloody diarrhea
what virus causes diarrhea, fever, bleeding to the body
ebola virus
what virus is small pox
variola virus
what bacteria causes malaria
plasmodium vivax
what bacteria causes diphtheria
corynebacterium diphtheriae
what bacteria causes tuberculosis/koch disease
mycobacterium tuberculosis
who said that all plants and animals are composed of little boxes
hooke
who is the father of micro
Leeuwenhock
who created a lens
leeuwenhock
who found “little animals” in water, feces, and urine; drew them and gave it to the society of London
Leeuwenhock
def? living comes from non-living organisms
spontaneous generation
what is this an example of putting bread in water, found a scorpion later (never though eggs were already there)
spontaneous generation
What concept does Henson and needham agree with
spontaneous generation
def? living organisms come from living organisms
biogenesis
what happened when Virchow boiled beef broth
became clear
Virchow experiment: what beaker had living organisms after being incubated
uncorked
what concept does Virchow’s experiment agree with
biogenesis
Recti experiment: did organisms grow when there was a screen with the corked rotten meat
no
what concept does Recti’s experiment agree with
biogenesis
who was the 1st to create a condenser and oil immersion/ complete microscope
abbe
what kind of microscope was the 1st
monocular
who divided bacteria into 2 groups
cohn
what group of bacteria is an organism that can move, reproduce, and cause problems
vegetative/ active bacteria
what group of bacteria is an organism that can not move, but can be negative due to change in the environment
dormant/ sleeping bacteria
what bacteria causes tetanus
clostridium tetani
what protects elostridium retani from the environment
endospores
what is the process of germination
spore becomes vegetative/active
who was the 1st to prove biogenesis and discard spontaneous generation
louis pacteur
what did Louis Pasteur find with his goose shaped flask experiment in the neck when he tipped the liquid out
broth was cloudy
who was the 1st person to talk about sterilization
pacteur
how do you sterilize something
autoclave for 15 min, 15 lbs pressure at 121 degrees C
who said all surgical equipment must be boiled
lister
What did Lister do at the site of surgery to prevent infection
carbolic acid/ betadine/ iodine around the part of surgery
who was a gynecologist who said you should wash your hands before helping with birth
Wendeu
who was the 1st to isolate Bacillus anthracis
koch
who was the 1st to isolate mycobacterium tuberculosis
koch
what is bacillus anthracis resistant to
cattle
what is resistant to mycobacterium tuberculosis
guinea pig
what bacteria causes koch disease
mycobacterium tuberculosis
who was the 1st to create a solid medium from a potato
koch
who was the 1st to create acid fast stain
koch
def? microorganisms can cause disease to humans and animals
grin theory
what bacteria causes gonococci/ genital problem/ gonorrhea
tessera gonorrhoeae
what bacteria causes syphillis
treponema pallidum
what bacteria causes typhoid fever
salmonella typhi
what bacteria causes pneumonia
streptococcus pheumoniae
what bacteria causes diapheria
mycobacterium diphtheriae
who was the 1st to find cholera
Louis pasteur
what bacteria causes dysentry/bleeding
shigella dysenteriae
what bacteria causes undulating fever
brucella abortus
what bacteria causes plague
yersinia pestis
what bacteria causes botulinum
clostridium botulinum
what was the improved version of acid fast stain
ziehn- Nielsen acid fast stain
who divided majority of bacteria via the structure of cell wall
gram
what did Paul Ehrlich make
stain for flagella, endospore, capsule
where does penicillin come from
fungi
what was the 1st antibody to be created
penicillin
def? weakened organism that cause the body to produce antibodies
attenuated organism
what did workman and Paul ehrlich believe about immunology
anything that got inside of the body produces antigen and the body must produce antibodies
what is created from plasma cells w/c come from the b-cell/lymphocyte
antibody
what are the 3 types of lymphocytes
small
medium
large
def? small lymphocyte that the b-cells produce
monoclonal antigen
what did Dmitri Ivanovsky study
tobacco mosaic virus
how did ivanovsky find tobacco mosaic virus
passed sap through chamberland filter then put that on healthy leaves —> all became sick
what virus did Leoffler find and where?
encephalitis virus in horse brain
what virus did reed find and where
yellow fever virus inside human intestines
why can’t viruses grow in media
they do not have a cytoplast
what happens when a virus and bacteria are on the same plate
clear zones appear
what disease can cause damage to ovaries, sperm, and can cause child abnormality
syphillus
what is the treatment they use for syphillus
penicillin
what is the treatment they use for malaria
hydrochloroquine
who was the 1st to develop penicillin
flemming
true or false: all antibiotics come from living organisms
true
who suggested that all antibiotics come from different types of living cells
workman
what does streptomycin come from
yeast
def? specific antibody for specific antigen, in order to react; same antibody same antigen
monoclonal antibody
def? produces specific antibody
hybridoma
what is genetic engineering
pass genetic code from 1 cell to another
def? # of protons
atomic #
def? total # of protons and neutrons
atomic weight
def? atomic mass is diff
isotope
what is the most important radioactive isotope that can follow metabolic activity of an organism
C14
def? combo of 2 or more atoms
molecule
what are the 3 diff chemical bonds
covalent bond
ionic bond
hydrogen bond/hydrophilic bond
def? strongest bond, energy produce to break chemical bond
covalent bond
what kind of bond attaches all organic matter
covalent
how is energy produced in covalent bonds
by forcing 2 nuclei together; sharing 1 pair of electrons
def? bond between 2 ions; not as strong as covalent bond
ionic bond
what kind of bond does the atom lose or gain electrons and does not have a neutral charge anymore
ionic
what is the weakest of the bonds
hydrogen/hydrophilic bond
what measures the hydrogen ion conc in a soln
pH
what elements make up carbohydrates
C, H, and O
what is the most important organic matter for energy
carbohydrates
what are the 3 groups of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
what kind of carbohydrate is 3-7 carbons
monosaccharide
what kind of carbohydrates are hexose and pentose
monosaccharide
what kind of carbohydrate is composed of 2 monosaccharides
disaccharide
what kind of carbohydrates are maltose, sucrose, and lactose
disaccharide
what kind of carbohydrate is a larger molecule with # of monosaccharides together
Polysaccharide
what kind of carbohydrates are glycogen, starch, and cellulose
Polysaccharides
def? never break completely and does not dissolve in water
lipid
what elements make up lipids
C, H, and O
what are the 2 kinds of lipids
simple fat
complex fat
def? fatty acid + glycerol
simple fat
def? fat + something else
complex fat
what are the 2 types of nucleic acid
rna and dna
def? long chain composed of nucleotide- composed of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base
nucleic acid
what are the purines
adenine and guanine
what are the pyramidines
cytosine, uracil, thymine
what are the bases in dna
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
what are the bases in rna
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
what kind of rna is responsible for a.a transfer to site or rRNA w/c is the site of protein synthesis
transfer rna
what kind of rna is the site of protein synthesis
ribosomal rna
what happens in the RER
protein synthesis
what happens in the SER
site of formation of fat
def? a.a together creates a long chain
peptide
how many a.a are in a peptide
around 200
how many a.a are in a protein
around 800
def? protein + something else
conjugated protein
function of enzymes
break down food to make energy
where do enzymes come from in the body
stomach
intestine
pancreas
liver
what kind of enzyme is produced in the cell but excreted out of the cell to function elsewhere
extracellular enzyme
what kind of enzyme is produced in the cell w/c is used inside the cell to help run cellular functions
intracellular enzyme
true or false: enzymes are protein but not all proteins are enzymes
true
def? inactive protein
apoenzyme
def? inactive organic matter; mostly via B
coenzyme
what was the 1st isolated enzyme
urease
what enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide
catalase
why are enzymes specific
b/c they have to recognize the substrate
how do they name enzymes
depends on the substrate and function
what happens if amount of substrate increases
the amount of enzyme increases
what is one of the most important factors that activate enzymes
pH
what happens to an enzyme in too hot of temp
denatures
def? substances that block enzyme activity
enzyme inhibitor
def: substrate compete for enzyme; look similar to substrate
competitive enzyme inhibitor
def? some elements that attaches to the other side of the enzyme (allosteric site)
non competitive enzyme inhibitor
add 1 H or remove Oxygen
reductase
enzyme that produced by the cell regardless of the type of the environment
constitutive enzyme
enzyme that are produced by the cell regarding the environment
adaptive enzyme
what kind of microscope uses a beam of light visible/uv
light microscope
what kind of microscope is a brightfieqld microscope/compound microscope
light microscope
def? the ability to see 2 adjacent points
resolving power
what is the formula for resolving power
wavelength/2 x aptical zone
def? the size of the light that passes from the stage to the objective
apical zone
what kind of microscope has the same structure as a brightfeild microscope but the stage is dark and the organism is light
dark field microscope
what microscope is used to look at organisms at the living stage
dark field microscope
what kind of microscope working in some kind of light with wavelength less than 400-700 nm
uv microscope
what kind of microscope uses a florescent dye
florescent microscope
what kind of microscope is used to search and follow metabolic activity of an organism
phase contrast microscope
what kind of microscope uses an electron beam w/c has a wavelength 100000x shorter than
electron microscope
true or false: u can look at wet material on an electron microscope
false
what kind of microscope focus the beam at 1 spot
transmission electron microscope
what kind of microscope scan layer by layer
scanning electron microscope
what kind of organism has no tissues, only cells and have organelle for movement such as flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia
protist
what is the name of the kingdom in procaryotic group
monera
what are the 4 kingdoms in the eucaryotic group
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia
where are there square type bacteria
seashore
def? loves salt
halo philic
what shape bacteria have a diameter
cocci
what shape bacteria have length and width
bacillus/ rod-shaped
what shape bacteria have no arrangement but depends on how many twist they have
spiral shape
function of flagella
food capture and movement
where do flagella come from
a granule located in the ectoplast called blephoroplast
def? flagella all over the bacteria
eubacteria
def? flagella in 1 side/pole
pseudomonadaceae
def? no flagella
atrichous
def? only 1 flagella
monotrichous
def? multiple flagella in 1 pole
lophotrichous
def? bunch of flagella in both sides/pole
amphitrichous
def? flagella all over
peritrchous
true or false: flagella is protein
true
def? drop of organism in the center of the slide, put cover glass and put microscope
wetmount
def? depression slide; put organism on the depression, seal cover glass w/ resiline
hanging drop
def? small thick made of protein w/c cause movement in 1 spot called jiggling
trichome
def? structure that protects cell wall of an organism/bacteria
fimbriae
function of fimbriae
connection of bacteria to diff. parts of the body
function of pili
temporary union of 2 organisms in order to transfer DNA from 1 organism to another
function of the capsule
protection
pathogenicity
site to reserve extra food
what are the 2 ways to remove a cell wall
ultracentrifugation
enzyme
what do these 2 elements make up (N-acetylmenamic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine)
cell wall backbone
what structure of bacteria is very fragile and needs to be kept in isotonic environment
protoplast
def? an enzyme that is produced in the saliva, tear, intestine
lysozyme
def? non-rigid bacteria/ fagile or very soft protoplasmic organism and can keep/grow in isotonic environment
L-form
what kind of bacteria doesn’t have too much fat, less a.a composed of about 15-50% peptidoglycan backbone
gram postive
what kind of bacteria 5-15% peptidoglycan backbone, majority are fat beside a.a
gram neg
what causes pathogenicity in gram neg bacteria
lipopolysaccharide
what structure of bacteria is twisted invagination of the plasma mmb
mesosome
2 hypothesis of the function of a mesosome
site of attachment of DNA during replication
site of cell wall synthesis during replication
def? when 2 cells come together one F+ and other F-. F- becomes F+
f- factor
is F+ pathogenic or non pathogenic
pathogenic
is F- pathogenic or non pathogenic
non pathogenic
what kind of cells are Cyanobacteria
procaryotic
def? site of sugar formation
thylakoid
what form do cyanobacteria come in
1 by 1
chain
colony
what type of cyanobacteria trap atm air to produce a.a
heterocyst/heterocyte
what structure do cyanobacteria produce to protect them from the environment
akinete
def? topic material composed of coccime neuromuscular blocking agent
anatoxin
def? toxin with bad odor
geosmin
true or false: both anabolism and catabolism need enzymes
true
def? energy yielding; give energy (catabolism)
exergonic energy
def? require energy to have metabolic activity called synthesizing
endogonic energy
what are the 3 basic things all living organisms need for survival
usable energy
usable substrate
right environment
def? energy for movement, reproduction, cause problem attach to cell
usable energy (ATP)
def? food, material for enzyme
usable substrate
def? very cold lover; grow and produce energy at 10-20 C
psychrophilic
def? cold lover; grow between 0-30 C
psychrotroph
def? moderate lover; grow between 25-40 C
mesophilic
what temp organism is found in the body
mesophilic
def? grow in hot temp; grow between 45-70 C
thermophilic
def? very hot lover; grow between 75-100 C
hyperthermophilic
def? can stand hot or cold temp but in right temp constant to divide
thermodic/thermostable
sugar lover
sacchrophilic
organic lover
osmophilic
what organism name grows in the presence of O2
strict/obligate aerobe
what organism name grows best in the absence of o2
facultative aerobe
what organism name grow in the prescence /abscence of O2; more growth on top
facultative aerobe
what organism name grow in the prescence /abscence of O2; more growth on bottom
facultative anaerobe
what organism name grows 2-10 % O2
microaerophilic
where do autotroph get their energy
sun
where do heterotrophs get their energy
breaking of covalent bonds in organic matter
oxidation/respriation steps
- glycolysis
- Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle
- ETS/ cytochrome system
