Test 2 Flashcards
Neuron (nerve cell)
fundamental functional unit of the nervous system
Dendrites
multiple branched extensions of the cell body that transmit impulses to the cell body.
Cell body (soma)
controls processes, including the nucleus, that support metabolic demands of the cell.
Axon
carries impulses AWAY from the cell body
transmission speed is enhanced by myelin sheath which is interrupted by the nodes of ranvier
Myelin (protein high in lipid content)
important to neuronal cell functioning
insulating properties increase speed of nerve impulse by containing the current in a small space.
Myelinated axons (myelin sheath is interrupted at intervals by the nodes of ranvier)
nodes are necessary to promote movement of the nerve impulse over long distances
impulses traveling down the axon jump from node to node in a stepwise fashion
PNS, the schwann cells can regenerate
produce myelin in the PNS
Neuronal Transmission
neurons communicate through generation of electrical signals (impulses) called action potentials
a stimulus is a physical, chemical, or electrical event that changes the cell membrane and initiates conduction of the stimulus as an electrical impulse along the nerve pathway.
what are the neurotransmitters that affect transmission of nerve impulses?
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Endorphins and enkephalins
CNS organization
composed of brain and spinal cord
what does the brain receive and process?
sensory information, initating and coordinating motor responses
what does the brain receive and process?
sensory information, initiating and coordinating motor responses
what does the spinal cord conduct?
sensory information from the PNS and motor information from muscles to the brain for processing
Neurons
categorized based on their specialized function:
-Sensory neurons (affect)
carry impulses from receptors in periphery to the brain and spinal cord in the CNS
-Motor neurons (efferent)
carry signals away from the brain and spinal cord to targets in the body that regulate activity
-Interneurons
provide connections b/w neurons, transmitting signals between afferent and efferent neuorns
most abundant type
what are 4 lobes in the brain?
Frontal,
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
what does the frontal lobe do?
Reasoning, planning, speech, and movement
Parietal lobe?
Perception of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
Temporal lobe?
Perception, memory, and recognition of auditory stimuli
Occipital lobe?
Vision
Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
carry impulses FROM receptors in periphery TO THE brain and spinal cord in the CNS
Motor Neurons (Efferent)
carry signals AWAY from the brain and spinal cord TO target in the body that regulate activity
Interneurons
Provide connections between neuron, transmitting signals between afferent and efferent neurons
most abundant type
How many halves does that brain have?
2 halves or hemispheres. each containing four lobes of the brain
Right and left hemispheres communicate through what?
bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum
what does the left hemisphere control?
speech and language
calculations
math
logical abilities
what does the right hemisphere control?
visual imagery
face recognition
music
spatial abilities
cerebrum control what?
responsible for.... thinking learning language capability judgement personality stories memories
hypothalamus controls what?
body temp
appetite
water balance
cerebellum control what?
maintain muscle tone
posture
coordinates muscle movement and balance
Pons control what?
assists in controlling autonomic functions like arousal and sleep
helps regulate respiration
Medulla Oblongata controls what?
Regulates heartbeat, respiration and blood pressure. controls center for swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting. relays messages to other parts of the brain
what does the spinal cord serve as?
primary pathway for communication for messages or impulses from the periphery to the brain
control of reflex responses
