TEST 1 STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
What type of listening is required by a telecommunicator to draw out all the necessary information from a caller who may be excited, confused, or dealing with a language barrier?
Active
Telecommunication device and Teletype are?
Devices to help hearing-impaired people use telephones.
The most common form of reporting emergencies is by using:
The telephone system.
What should be used when answering a non-emergency telephone call in a fire station?
Your departments standard greeting.
What should be on the mind of a firefighter who answers the telephone in a fire department facility?
That the firefighter is a representative of the fire department.
When answering a telephone call in a fire department facility and determine that the caller has an emergency, you should?
Follow your deparment’s Standard Operating Procedures/Standard Operating Guides.
What topic is covered by NFPA 1500?
Safety Programs.
Which is important when striving for a professional approach when speaking on the radio?
Be police and to the point.
What is proper radio procedure for fire personnel?
Think about what is going to be said prior to transmitting.
When calling a mayday, you should?
Transmit your location.
Never lay the microphone of your radio on the seat of the apparatus because?
It could be keyed accidentally.
Before transmitting any information over the fire department radio, a firefighter should?
Turn up the volume control if their voice is naturally soft.
What is the configuration when a fire department switches from a duplex channel to a simplex channel for on-scene communications called?
A talk-around channel.
The standardized term used to signal the immediate need to clear the radio and transmit critical information is:
Emergency Traffic.
What should be initiated when the decision is made to evacuate the firefighting or rescue operations in a building?
Activate the emergency evacuation signal.
What should call-takers do if a call comes in that is about issues not handled by the fire department?
Try to direct the caller to the appropriate agency, even providing contact information, if available.
A PAR is a:
Personnel Accountability Report.
Incident commanders provide _____ reports from the scene of an incident to update communications centers on progress.
Status.
First arriving companies broadcast ____ reports to incoming units:
Arrival.
The only time the ____ callout is used is in a situation where there is immediate danger to the lives of firefighters.
Mayday.
The firefighter making the mayday call should describe the situation, locations, and ____.
Help needed.
A trunked digital radio system allows:
Different agencies on the same system.
Radio signals are either:
Analog or Digital.
The use of ____ text/language is recommended by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) through the National Incident Management System (NIMS).
Clear.
____ is a distress call for help and an indication that you or a firefighter you are with is in grave danger.
Mayday.
In the basic model of communications, a noise would be defined as:
Anything that interferes with a transmission.
When a unit needs to transmit emergency traffic, the:
Telecommunicator generates a distinctive alert tone.
An emergency traffic message such as “abandon the building” takes precedence over all other radio communications with the exception of a:
Mayday.
Which is another emergency traffic message in addition to mayday?
Abandon the building.
Ultra-high frequencies (UHF) operate in the ____ bandwidth.
450 MHz - 460 MHz.
An emergency evacuation warning should be announced at least:
Three times.
The process of utilizing a series of radio frequencies among multiple users rather than assigning single frequencies to each user is referred to as:
Trunking.
The purpose of a repeater is to:
Rebroadcast radio signals.
When operating on a digital radio system, end users should expect:
A minor time delay between transmitting and receiving.
The most important emergency traffic is:
A firefighters call for help.
The two most common ways the incident commander orders firefighters to evacuate a structure are to broadcast a radio message and:
Sound an audible warning.
Audible warning devices for emergency evacuation should be:
Broadcast several times.
To keep the communication center advised of the actions taken at emergency scenes, situation status/progress reports should include:
Exposures present.
Fire departments that operate radio equipment must hold radio licenses from the:
Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
The arrival report:
Should establish who is in command.
The ____ system can significantly shorten response time or enable a dispatcher to handle a greater volume of calls.
Wireless Fax.
In fire departments that have access to multiple radio channels, emergency operations should be:
Assigned a separate channel dedicated for use on that scene only.
A special communications device which allows the hearing or speech impaired to communicate via telephone is known as a ____ system.
TDD/TTY Text phone.
The important difference between Basic 911 and Enhanced 911 is that:
Enhanced systems have the capability to provide the callers telephone number and address.
Computer-aided Dispatch is:
A computer-based, automated system that assists the telecommunicator in assessing dispatch information and recommends responses.
The arrival report should contain:
A situation evaluation.
The best way to respond to a radio communication is to:
Verify the instruction received by restating the information during your response.
Which statement concerning fire department radio communications is correct?
Most fire departments use clear speech/plain English for radio communications.
Situation status/progress report should be made ten minutes into the incident and at ____ minute intervals thereafter until the incident is under control.
10 - 20
Under the Incident Command Structure:
A chief officer arriving after command has been established may assume command.
The report given to the Incident Commander from an interior crew which tells the IC that the fire is controlled would be an?
Progress report.
Under National Incident Management System (NIMS), radio procedures require the use of ____ when speaking on the radio.
Clear text.
Which are times or events when the Incident Commander may call for a Personnel Accountability Report (PAR)?
There is a chance in strategy.
Situation status/progress reports should include the:
Transfer of command.
When a company officer arrives first on a fire scene, the officer is in command until:
A chief officer arrives and may choose to assume command.
An employee becomes frustrated because they cannot comply with conflicting orders from different bosses. This situation was most likely caused by a violation of:
Unity of Command.
In the fire service, division of labor is necessary to:
Prevent duplication of effort.
Policies are examples of standing plans designed to provide:
Guidance for decision making.
A procedure is an:
Detailed guide to action.
Passengers and driver/operators of responding emergency vehicles should:
Wear hearing protection when noise levels exceed 90 decibels.
Under normal conditions, only an ____ may order multiple alarms or additional resources for large-scale incidents.
Incident Commander.
The Incident Management System should:
Be initiated by the first fire unit on the scene.
The tracking of personnel working at an incident requires a system that is standardized for every incident to establish.
Accountability.
In the Incident Management System, the ____ has authority over the ordering, releasing, and controlling of resources.
Incident Commander.
A situation/status progress report is provided upon:
Transfer of Command.
Transfer of command is best accomplished:
Face to face.
Read the following statements regarding transfer of command and select which ones are true.
A) The first arriving fire department member must be prepared to transfer command to the next arriving individual with a higher authority.
B) Transfer of command must include a situation status progress report.
C) The chief officer may elect to assume another role in the command structure.
All three statements are true.
When a higher ranking officer arrives on the scene, is that higher ranking officer obligated to assume command from an existing Incident Commander who is a lower rank?
Some departments require this, while others leave it to the higher ranking officers discretion.
If there is no officer on the first-arriving unit, who assumes command?
The firefighter with the greatest seniority.
As more companies arrive at an escalating incident, one reason the command structure must expand is to:
Maintain Span of Control.
Transfer of Command:
Must include a situation status report to the relieving fire officer.
The type of call, action taken, number of injuries or fatalities, and the property usage information are all entries to be included on a ____ report.
National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS).
A uniform data collection system used by most departments to track incident information is known as:
National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS).
Which information would be contained on a National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) report?
Number of personnel who responded.
Which statement regarding fire reports is correct?
Fire reports are public records.
Which statement regarding fire incident reports is correct?
Local fire information becomes part of the national database.
National Fire Incident Reporting System information is transmitted to the:
U.S. Fire Administration.
Read the following statements regarding how to obtain necessary information for reports and select the correct answer from choices A through C.
A) The property owner and or occupants is the primary source of information.
B) Bystanders or eyewitnesses should be questioned.
C) The model number and serial number of any equipment involved in the fire should be recorded.
All the statements are true.
Read the following statements regarding reports and select your answer from choices A through C.
A) Information in reports must be complete, clear and concise.
B) Improper or inadequate documentation can have long term negative consequences for the fire department.
C) Fire reports are considered public records.
All statements are true.
Read the following statements regarding the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) and select the correct answer(s) from choices A through C.
A) NFIRS is used to complete and analyze incident reports.
B) NFIRS reports include call types, actions taken, and property use.
C) Use of NFIRS by U.S fire departments is mandatory.
Statements A and B are correct. Statement C is false.
Which statement regarding fire reports is correct?
Fire reports may be viewed by the public.
Which is required on the NFIRS report?
Type of call.
An incomplete incident report may be used to prove:
Lack of appropriate action by the department.
National Fire Incident Reporting System information is:
Used to help reduce the loss of life and property by fire.
All records and reports generated by the fire department are:
Legal documents and must be completed thoroughly.
Which can be used to prove a lack of appropriate action by the fire department?
An incomplete fire incident report.
A component of National Incident Management System (NIMS) that should be used on every incident, which is either written or unwritten is:
An incident action plan (IAP).
Which is a content requirement for fire incident reports?
Nature and location of the incident.
Which is a content requirement for fire incident reports?
Casualties.
Which is true regarding the method by which homeowners receive copies of their fire incident report?
They can obtain it, as the report is considered public record.
In order for the Incident Management System to function properly, it must contain which component?
Incident Action Plans.
Fire reports:
Must be complete, clear, and concise.
Which statement regarding National Fire Incident Reporting System incident reports is correct?
They can become admissible evidence in a court case.
When obtaining necessary information for reports, you should remember:
The property owner and/or occupant is the primary source of information.
Firefighters should be able to refer children who have started fires to a program called:
Juvenile Firesetters.
The goal of fire prevention activities is to:
Reduce the dangers to firefighters.
The simplest and most effective method of achieving preservation of life and property is:
Prevention.
Fire departments should educate ____ to recognize potential hazards.
Citizens of all ages.
The home fire escape plan is also known as:
Exit Drills in The Home (EDITH)
Which public fire safety education programs would be used for a group of children from pre-school through elementary school age?
Stop, Drop, and Roll.
The first step in making a fire safety presentation is to:
Prepare the audience for learning.
When conducting a station tour:
Follow department policy for conducting the tour.
When giving station tours, what is the most appropriate group to be given informational materials on how to call 911?
Young Children.
Presenting information and brochures that target the high risk teenagers include subjects such as:
Cell phone use, seat belts, and motor vehicle collisions.
What is correct regarding basic presentation skills?
The fire prevention message should be designed to meet the needs of each specific group.
In addition to giving a group of school age children a tour of the station, you should.
Provide the group with printed fire prevention material.
During a station tour, firefighters should be ____ and treat the visitors in a ____.
Dressed in station uniforms; professional manner.
When conducting a station tour, one of the first issues that should be addressed is:
What to do if an emergency call happens during the tour.
Which is an example of a light hazard environment?
Assembly halls.
United States fire loss statistics show that most structure fires, most fire damage, and most injuries and fatalities occur in ____ occupancies.
Residential.
Light hazard environments usually contain a limited amount of combustibles classified as:
Class A.
An important final step during a home safety survey is to:
Review the results of the survey with the home owner.
What two factors contribute to determining which risk class to assign a certain building area?
Amount and type of combustibles present.
Which statement regarding housekeeping practices is correct?
Poor housekeeping practices are often the root cause of fire hazards.
An effective fire company inspection plan will reap which benefits?
Reduction of fire hazards.
Which action would you take during a private dwelling safety survey?
Survey all rooms, including the garage.
Which would you do during a residential fire survey?
Officer constructive suggestions for correcting hazardous condition.
Smoke detectors are installed ____ for maximum effectiveness.
At least four inches away from a wall, on the ceiling.
After you have completed your fire safety survey, you will need to:
Complete the form and give a copy to the occupants.
Select the best description of fire codes from the choices below.
Regulations that have been legally adopted by a government body with the authority to pass laws and enforce safety regulations.
What is the simplest and most effective method of achieving the fire service goal of the preservation of life and property?
Prevention.
Which gas detector is commonly found in homes today?
Carbon monoxide.
Firefighters expect to find flame detectors in:
Specialized industrial facilities.
The primary purpose of conducting a residential fire safety survey is to:
Reduce loss of life and property.
When performing a private dwelling inspection:
Maintain a courteous attitude at all times.
Before conducting a private dwelling inspection, it is necessary for a firefighter to:
Ask for permission to enter the building.
Chemicals, dusts, and metals are considered to be ____ hazards.
Fuel
In addition to providing a service, private dwelling inspections also:
Provide an educational and advisory service.
During private dwelling inspections, the firefighters is to look primarily for:
Hazards, not code violations.
Which is one of the top five causes of residential fires according to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)?
Cooking equipment.
Residential fire safety surveys:
Usually occur in response to a request by the occupant.
In single family residences, ____ increase the chance of survival.
Smoke detectors.
After you have completed your fire safety survey, you will need to:
Complete a form in accordance with department procedures.
Which is correct regarding home safety surveys and pre-planning surveys?
Pre-planing is for gathering information and home safety is for giving information.
Positive public relations between a fire department and the community can be enhanced by:
Identifying life safety concerns or conditions.
What type of fire extinguisher should be located in the kitchen.
ABC
Where should gasoline and other flammable liquids be stored?
In an outside storage area.
The main goal of public fire safety education is to:
Teach people how to react if a fire occurs.
Does a residential fire safety survey require the occupants permission?
Yes
What usually initiates a residential fire safety survey?
A request from the occupant.
If firefighters discover that the occupant does not have any type of fire extinguisher, they should:
Make recommendations as to appropriate extinguisher type and placement.
During fire safety surveys, one of the most common non-fire related hazards discussed with the occupant is:
Carbon monoxide.
When conducting residential fire safety survey, should any attention be given to the house number?
Yes, it should be clearly visible from the street.
What should be done with smoke alarms when conducting a residential fire safety survey?
Each one should be tested.
When discussing escape routes with occupants during a residential fire safety survey:
Identify a primary and alternate escape route from every room.
A factor in deciding to preplan a structure or area is:
The type of life hazards expected.
An example of a manually activated fire alarm component is a:
Pull station.
To control costs, the piping for residential sprinkler systems may be constructed of:
Plastics.
Fixed-temperature heat detectors:
Are slow to activate.
The two basic types of smoke detectors are photo electric and:
Ionization.
What is true about sprinkler systems?
Sprinkler systems are designed to automatically distribute water to extinguish or control the spread of fire.
Which extinguishing agent is generally used in total flooding or specialized systems?
Carbon Dioxide.
____ sprinkler systems should be used in building where piping may be subjected to freezing temperatures.
Dry pipe.
Classifications of sprinkler systems include:
Preaction.
The ____ system is equipped with all sprinkler heads of the open type.
Deluge.
A fire department connection to a sprinkler system enables firefighters to:
Supplement water supply.
Every sprinkler system should be equipped with a main control valve located between the:
Source of water supply and the sprinkler system.
The control valve for a sprinkler system may be located at the system or outside the building. This valve should be an ____ valve.
Indicating-type.
Which should be used as a control valve for an automatic sprinkler system?
Post Indicator Valve.
An OS&Y valve is open when the stem threads are.
Extended.
A riser is a ____ pipe that supplies a sprinkler system.
Vertical
A sprinkler deflector creates:
A spray pattern.
Residential sprinkler systems are wet or dry-pipe systems. The recommended piping for these systems is constructed of:
Plastic
A sprinkler system water supply must be capable of delivering the required volume of water to the highest sprinkler in the building at a ____ pressure of ____ PSI>
Residual; 15
The required fire flow is calculated based on:
Building Construction.
Which sprinkler system components is used to limit water flow to one direction?
Clapper/Check-valve.
Read the following statements regarding private water main systems in large industrial or commercial complexes and select the correct answer from choices A through C.
A) They can provide water for sprinkler systems, standpipes, and fire hydrants.
B) Preindicent surveys should be used to verify that these systems are maintained in good operation condition.
C) They eliminate the need to include public off-site hydrants or static water supplies in the preincident plan.
Statements A and B are true. Statement C is false.
The ____ process allow firefighters to become familiar with community structures:
Pre-Incident Survey
After permission to survey a building has been obtained, a firefighters should first inspect the:
Exterior.
Which map symbols would you use to designate the location of hydrant.
A solid circle.
A hazard that could produce or promote a fire that may cause a large loss of life or property damage best defines a ____ hazard.
Target
The full name of an OS&Y valve is ____ valve.
Outside stem and yoke.
A fire hazard that arises from processes or operations that are related to a specific occupancy best defines an ____ hazard.
Special.
Water wells and springs are considered what type of water supply?
Ground/Natural water supply.
Direct pumping water systems are those in which water:
Is pumped directly into the distribution system with no elevated storage.
Before conducting a pre-incident survey or inspection, the occupant should be notified in advance so:
There will be minimal inconvenience to the owner, occupant.
In a water supply system, the size of the water mains from the largest to the smallest are:
Primary, Secondary, Distributor.
Which violates the principle of a loop feed hydrant?
Dead-end water mains.
In residential areas, the recommended fire hydrant supply main should be at least ____ inches.
6.
A sketch depicting the general arrangement of a property in reference to streets, adjacent properties, and other important features is known as a:
Plot/Site plan.
A floor-plan sketch or diagram of a structure shows:
An outline of each floor.
The backflow preventer or clapper valve:
Prevents water from reentering the public water system.
The types of main control valves found in water supply distribution systems are:
Indicating and non-indicating.
Which is the preferred water source for a sprinkler system?
Municipal Water Supply.
Which is a component of a grid system?
Secondary feeders.
What type of fire hydrant has water always in the barrel?
A wet-barrel hydrant. (pg 30/41).
Which is one of the three common systems for water system distribution?
Direct pumping.
Fundamental components of a modern water system are:
Source, Means of moving, treatment plant, and distribution system.
A fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction is called a ____ hydrant?
Dead-end
The smaller internal grid arrangement of water distribution system that feeds hydrants as well as the domestic and commercial requirements best describes:
Distributors.
Large pipes that carry water to smaller mains best defines.
Primary feeders.
What type of hydrant does not always have water in the barrel and can be used for areas that has below freezing temperatures?
Dry-barrel (pg 31/41).
A network of intermediate-sized pipe that reinforces the overall grid system by forming loops that interconnect primary feeders best defines:
Secondary feeders.
Which statement regarding residential sprinklers is correct?
The water supply can be connected to the domestic system.
How does a deluge system differ from other types of sprinkler systems?
All sprinkler heads are open.
A post indicator valve (PIV) is:
A control valve that is mounted on a vertical case.
Dry pipe systems are used:
In applications where freezing temperatures occur.
When checking hydrants to ensure their effectiveness, firefighters should look for:
Obstructions that interfere with hydrant operations.
Failure to open a dry-barrel hydrant fully will result in a reduced amount of water and will contribute to:
Ground erosion.
According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), a hydrant with a flow rate of 1,000 to 1, 499 GPM may have a ____ colored bonnet or cap.
Green.
Read the following statements regarding fire hydrants and select the correct answer from A to C.
A) The valve that controls the flow of water in a dry-barrel hydrant is located below ground and the frost line.
B) The drain opening found at the bottom of the barrel is an exclusive feature of dry-barrel hydrants.
C) A dry-barrel hydrant should always be either fully open or fully closed.
All three statements are true.
Read the following statements regarding fire hydrants and select the correct answer from choices A through C.
A) When inspecting fire hydrants, firefighters should first check visibility and accessibility of the hydrants.
B) Hydrants should be positioned so that the connections, especially the large diameter steamer connection , face the street.
C) Trash or other foreign objects placed inside the empty barrels of dry-barrel hydrants can obstruct water flow.
All three statements are true.
During the pre-incident site visit, what information should be obtained and documented?
Built-in fire protection.
The simplest sprinkler system in design and operation is the ____ system.
Wet pipe.
According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), a hydrant with an orange bonnet or caps may be expected to flow ____ gallons per minute.
500 - 999
Which is considered to be an automatic initiating decice?
Smoke detector
On a wet-pipe sprinkler system, the ____ is open to test the alarm without unseating the alarm check valve.
Alarm test valve.
Which cause reduction of a sprinkler systems effectiveness?
Excessive sediment in the pipes?
____ systems remain the most reliable of all fire protection devices.
Automatic Sprinkler
Read the statements below. Select the correct answer from A to C.
A) The typical rating for sprinkler heads in light hazard occupancy is 160 F.
B) It is acceptable to use a pendant-type sprinkler head in the upright position.
C) Sprinkler heads are color coded by their temperature ratings.
Statements A and C are correct. Statement B is incorrect.
Read the following statements regarding fire hydrants and select the correct answers from A to C.
A) The first factors to check when inspecting hydrants are visibility and accessibility.
B) Hydrants should be installed at an appropriate height above the ground.
C) A properly draining hydrant will create suction against a hand placed over the outlet opening.
All three statements are correct.
A retard chamber is a component of a sprinkler system that.
Helps prevent false alarms.
The required air pressure for dry-pipe systems above trip pressures is ____ psi.
20
Most check valves are marked by an ____ indicating the direction of unrestricted flow.
Arrow on the casting.
The check valve and ball-drip valve or drain on the piping for the fire department connection are installed to:
Keep the fire department connection dry and prevent freezing.
Under normal circumstances, the air pressure gauge on a dry-pipe sprinkler system will read ____ the water pressure gauge.
Lower than.
In a dry-pipe sprinkler system, the air pressure gauge is located ____ the clapper valve and the water-pressure gauge is located ____ the clapper valve.
above; below
When checking hydrants to ensure their effectiveness, firefighters should check that:
A large steamer connections are facing the street.
Fire department sprinkler connections typically consist of a siamese with at least two ____ connections.
2.5 inch female.
Which is a type of sprinkler system?
Deluge
When shutting down a wet-pipe sprinkler system, one should first turn off the main water control valve.
Drain the system.
Dry pipe systems are used in:
Unheated buildings.
A sprinkler head with a temperature rating of 135 - 170 F would be?
Either uncolored or black.
Which is considered to be an alarm initiating device?
Photoelectric detector.
Which type of alarm initiating device contains a small amount of radioactive material in its sensing chamber?
Ionization detector.
Upon receiving an alarm from a proprietary alarm system, the personnel staffing the central alarm point should.
Contact the appropriate agency.
A local protective signaling system is intended primarily to alert:
Occupants of the protected area.
Visible products of combustion are best detected by an ____ detector.
Photoelectric.
An ____ detector is one that responds to sudden changes in temperature.
Rate of rise.
Some newer wet-pipe sprinkler systems are referred to as straight sticks because they have backflow preventer instead of an:
Alarm check valve.
Every sprinkler system should have a primary water supply of adequate reliability, volume, and:
Pressure.
A rate of rise detectors that responds to a rapid change in temperature is:
Faster to react than a fixed temperature detector.
A ____ system is used to protect large commercial and industrial buildings is staffed and supervised on the property:
Proprietary
Which is a common type of automatic alarm system?
Central Station Protective Signaling
A detection device that is usually electrically operated with a bimetallic strip of two metals that expand at different rates of a:
Heat Detector.
A class K system is used for:
Cooking oils.
For a gravity system to work, the primary water supply must be at least ____ feet above the highest point in the water distribution system.
100.
A drawing which provides information on the building layout, including the arrangement of rooms, is called a:
Floor plan.
According to National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) 13 and 13D, sprinkler cabinets in the sprinkler room should contain a sprinkler wrench and a minimum of ____ spare sprinkler heads.
Six.
Which release mechanism is commonly used to activate a sprinkler.
Chemical pellet.
The correct temperature rating for a sprinkler color coded white is:
175 - 225 degrees.
Which type of detector is sensitive to sunlight?
Infrared detector.
A facility in which there is a high potential for life or property loss from a fire is called a ____ hazard.
Target.
The correct temperature rating for a sprinkler color coded blue is:
250 - 300 degrees.
The correct temperature rating for a sprinkler color coded green is:
400 - 475 degrees.
Which is one of the three common systems for water system distribution?
Gravity-fed.
Preincident surveys should be used:
To verify that private water systems are maintained in good operating condition.
Which sprinkler system component is used as an alternative to locking a main control valve?
Tamper switch.
Which is a component of a grid system?
Primary feeders.
A standpipe system is designed to:
Deliver water to each floor of a building.
When completing an accurate diagram of the preincident survey, you should use:
Standard symbols.
When completing an accurate diagram of the preincident survey, you should:
Indicate special features.
When completing a diagram of the preincident survey, you should include specific features such as:
If topography makes one or more sides inaccessible to fire apparatus.
Accurate diagrams for preincident planning are important since:
This information is used for scene size up.
Accurate diagrams for preincident planning are important since they:
Identify areas where fire protecting is lacking.
Which is correcting regarding preincident planning?
Plans need to be up to date and accurate to enhance firefighter safety.
Which statement regarding the hose provided with a class II standpipe system is correct?
Hose provided should not be used.
Which statement regarding a Class I standpipe system is correct?
It is designed for use by the fire department.
The usual pressure on a water distribution system during periods of ordinary consumption demand is known as ____ pressure.
Normal operating.
Structure members that are noncombustible materials but may not have fire resistive protection are identified as:
Type II
