Test 1 - study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and symptoms for dehydration are…

A
  • Thirst
  • Rapid, Weak Pulse
  • Low Blood Pressure
  • Dry Skin and Mucous Membranes
  • Skin Tenting
  • Decreased Urine Output
  • Increased Temperature
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2
Q

Causes of dehydration are…

A
  • fluid loss from vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • GI suctioning
  • sweating
  • decreased intake
  • inability to gain access to fluid
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3
Q

Laboratory data for dehydration are…

A
  • elevated BUN in relation to serum creatinine
  • increased hematocrit
  • Hypokalemia occurs with GI & renal losses
  • Hyperkalemia occurs with adrenal insufficiency
  • Hyponatremia occurs with increased thirst & ADH release
  • Hypernatremia results from increased insensible losses and Diabetes Insipidus
  • tenting
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4
Q

What is dehydration?

A

loss of water with no loss of electrolytes

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5
Q

Interventions for deficient fluid volume are…

A
  • Identify those at risk
  • Monitor Weight & vital signs
  • Assess skin turgor
  • Monitor Intake and Output – all types of loss
  • Evaluate urine specific gravity >1.025
  • Monitor labs
  • Increase Fluid Intake
  • Treat Underlying Cause
  • Encourage PO intake
  • Teach about adequate fluid intake
  • Do Not Overhydrate Elderly Patients
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6
Q

Fluid volume overload signs and symptoms

A
  • increased BP (bounding, tachy, jugular distention)
  • abnormal lung sounds (crackles)
  • increased RR
  • edema
  • weight gain
  • increased urinary output
  • confusion, lethargy
  • hyponatremia and muscle cramping
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7
Q

Interventions for Excess fluid volume

A
  • Monitor for changes in LOC
  • Monitor weight and urine output
  • Elevate head of bed
  • administer oxygen
  • administer diuretics
  • restrict fluid and sodium
  • encourage mobility
  • monitor electrolytes
  • communicate proper fluid intake
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8
Q

Signs and symptoms for compartment syndrome

A
  • dusky, pale appearance of extremity
  • cool skin Temp
  • delayed capillary refill
  • paresthesia (tingling)
  • extreme pain
  • complaint of device tightness
  • intensifying pain w/ movement
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9
Q

Interventions for compartment syndrome

A
  • removal or loosening of restricting device (cast, splint)
  • fasciotomy
  • elevation of limb (no higher than heart)
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10
Q

signs and symptoms of osteoporosis

A
  • joint pain
    • intensifies w/ activity
  • Stiffness
  • Bony nodes on joints of fingers (heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes)
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11
Q

lab diagnostics for osteoporosis

A
  • X-rays
  • CT (cat scan)
  • MRI
  • Analysis of Synovial Fluid
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12
Q

interventions for osteoporosis

A
  • no cure
  • activity
  • pain/inflammation control
  • rest and exercise
  • heat or cold
  • weight control
  • surgery (joint replacement)
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13
Q

signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis

A
  • localized pain
  • edema
  • erythema (reddening of skin)
  • fever
  • drainage
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14
Q

lab diagnostics for osteomyelitis

A
  • Elevated WBCs
  • elevated ESR
  • MRI and CT can visualize areas of infection
  • positive bone biopsy for infection
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15
Q

interventions for osteomyelitis

A
  • primarily prevention is the goal
  • hydration
  • diet high in vitamins and protein
  • also correction of anemia
  • surgical debridement
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16
Q

signs and symptoms for gout

A

Acute
-swollen, red, hot, painfully inflamed joints

Chronic

  • Urate deposits in skin
  • Renal stones
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17
Q

lab diagnostics for gout

A
  • Serum Uric Acid levels

- Microscopy of uric acid crystals in Joint Fluid

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18
Q

interventions for gout

A

Medications

  • NSAIDS, colchicine, allopurinol, probenecid
  • avoidance of foods high in purines
  • avoid aspirin, diuretics, alcohol
  • increase fluids
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19
Q

signs and symptoms pelvic fracture

A
  • pain
  • shock
  • shortening/rotation of the leg
  • genitourinary or intra-abdominal co-injury
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20
Q

lab diagnostics for pelvic fracture

A
  • X-ray
  • Angiography
  • CBC
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21
Q

interventions for pelvic fracture

A
  • apply antishock garment

- anticipate/assist with application of external fixator

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22
Q

signs and symptoms sprain

A
  • Pain
  • swelling
  • bruising
  • instability
  • loss of the ability to move/use joint
  • pop or tearing sensation when injury happens
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23
Q

lab diagnostics for sprain

A

x-ray to rule out fracture

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24
Q

interventions for sprain

A
  • RICE
  • rest
  • ice
  • compression
  • elevate
  • heat after inflammation is reduced
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25
signs and symptoms shingles (herpes zoster)
- Vesicles - Plaques - Irritation - Itching - Fever - Malaise - Pain - follows nerve distribution
26
lab diagnostics for shingles (herpes zoster)
- History | - culture and sensitivity
27
interventions for shingles (herpes zoster)
- vaccination - anti-viral medications - analgesics to relieve pain
28
signs and symptoms scabies infestations
- itching - rash - burrows - localized in armpits, wrists, groin
29
lab diagnostics for scabies infestations
-microscopic examination of skin scraping of a lesion
30
interventions for scabies infestations
-scabicide applied to all areas of the body
31
signs and symptoms skin cancer
``` ABCD's! Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter – big is bad :( (>5mm may be of concern) ```
32
lab diagnostics for skin cancer
- examination - biopsy (Bx) - also note changes in lesion
33
interventions for skin cancer
- prevention - limit exposure to UV - use sunscreen - wear protective clothing - report changes in moles
34
What is gout?
a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by hyperuricemia (uric acid) - uric acid crystals form in joints - phagocytosis of crystals causes pain
35
signs and symptoms lice
- intense itching (pruritus) - rash - red bumps on the skin.
36
lab diagnostics for lice
- combing of hair | - nits at base of hair shaft
37
interventions for lice
- permethrin topical ointment | - treat others in household
38
types of skin cancers include
- basal cell carcinoma - squamous cell carcinoma - malignant melanoma
39
squamous cell carcinoma are
- 2nd most common - grow rapidly - can metastasize
40
basal cell carcinoma are
- most common | - rarely metastasize
41
melanomas are
- least common - highly metastatic - genetic component
42
signs and symptoms of skin ulcers
- pain - open ulcerated area - color tip - black = necrosis - yellow = infection - red = healing
43
diagnoses for skin ulcers
- physical exam - culture and sensitivity - blood supply studies - wound biopsy
44
A stage 1 ulcer is
nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
45
A stage 2 ulcer is
partial-thickness skin loss
46
A stage 3 ulcer is
- full-thickness skin loss | - not involving underlying fascia
47
A stage 4 ulcer is
-full-thickness skin loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle
48
An unstageable ulcer is
-full-thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered.
49
A deep tissue injury is
- purple or maroon | - localized in area
50
pressure ulcers can occur due to ___ and _____
pressure and stasis (blood pools)
51
interventions for ulcers
- identify at risk pt - keep pt dry - use lube and skin barriers - turn q 2h - relieve pressure points - nutrition and hydration - use lift sheet to move
52
signs and symptoms of psoriasis
Plaques of red, inflamed skin, often covered with loose, silver-colored scales
53
Dx of psoriasis
- physical assessment | - biopsy
54
Interventions for psoriasis
- baths to remove scales | - medications
55
signs and symptoms of cellulitis
- inflammation and edema - warmth - redness - pain and tenderness - fever
56
Dx tests for cellulitis
-culture and sensitivity
57
interventions for cellulitis
- antibiotics - only if immune system working - debridement
58
Signs and symptoms of eczema
- vesicles - surrounding redness - rupture of vesicles, open areas - secondary infection
59
Dx of eczema
- clinical symptoms - culture and sensitivity - rule out allergies - biopsy if nonresponsive to Tx
60
Interventions for eczema
- 1:40 Burow solution - drain large vesicles - antibiotics - corticosteroids topical - botulinum toxin A injection - biofeedback - bedrest if on feet.
61
S/s of dermatitis
- redness - pruritis - skin lesions
62
Dx tests for dermatitis
-culture and sensitivity
63
interventions for dermatitis
- antihistamines - analgesics - antibiotics - antipruritics - steroids - colloidal oatmeal baths - wet dressings
64
A macule or patch is
- freckles - moles - petechia - rubella rash - ecchymosis (bruising)
65
A plaque is
- dry buildup - may flake off - psoriasis
66
A papule is
- warts - tissue buildup (solid) - causes a bump on the skin
67
A vesicle/bulla is
- tissue buildup (fluid filled) - burns - dermatitis - poison ivy - acne - chicken pox - herpes
68
A wheal is
- a large raised area - uticaria (hives) - generalized edema/swelling - allergic responses - insect bites
69
Aging causes what in the musculoskeletal system?
- bone calcium loss - articular cartilage wears down - muscle strength declination
70
What do you look for when assessing the neurovascular system?
5-p's - pain - pulse - pallor - paresthesia - paralysis
71
What are the diagnostic evaluations of the musculoskeletal system?
- x-rays - CT - MRI - arthrography - bone densitometry - bone scan - arthroscopy - electromyography - biopsy - lab studies
72
When assessing the musculoskeletal system you look at...
- data related to ADLs - health hx of pt and family - assess pain and altered senses - physical - posture, gait, joint fx, muscle strength and size - spine abnormalities - ROM - use of mobility aids - symmetry - redness - edemma - tenderness
73
ligaments attach ____ to ____
bone to bone
74
tendons attach ____ to ____
muscle to bone
75
Anaerobic pathways in muscle use ____ and result in a buildup of _____
glucose | lactic acid
76
osteoblasts
function in bone formation
77
osteocytes
are mature bone cells function in maintenance They are on site!
78
osteoblasts
``` function as destroyers, resorbing, and remodeling located in Howship's lacunae ```
79
A comminuted fracture is
splintered with fragments
80
Stage 1 of fracture healing is
hematoma and inflammation
81
Stage 2 of fracture healing is
angiogenesis and cartilage formation
82
Stage 3 of fracture healing is
- cartilage calcification - cartilage removal - bone formation - remodeling
83
Nursing care for bone fracture is
- splint and immobilize - remove jewelry - avoid movement - assess neurovascular - apply ice/cold pack - elevate - Anticipate analgesics, antibiotics, stabilization, OR - provide psychosocial support
84
Interventions for joint injury
- immobilize joint - Assess/reassess neurovascular fx - anticipate/assist w/reduction
85
symptoms of joint injury
- pain - deformity - edema - inability to move - abnormal ROM - neurovascular compromise
86
symptoms of femur fracture
- pain - can't bear weight - shortening - rotation (in or ex) - edema - deformity - hypovolemic Shock (2-3 Units blood)
87
Interventions for femur fracture
- immobilize - anticipate traction pin/dressing - anticipate OR/admission
88
Symptoms of Open fractures
- skin disruption - pain - neurovascular compromise - bleeding - bone protrusion
89
Interventions for open fractures
- irrigate wound - wound culture - sterile dry dressing - continued bleeding assessment - anticipate/prepare for OR
90
complications of fractures
- nonunion of bone - neurovascular compromise - infection - hemorrhage - thromboemolitic comp. - acute compartment syn - fat embolism syn
91
Types of closed reductions
- manual realignment - bandages/splints - casts - traction - skin - skeletal