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Med Surg 1 > Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Disturbance > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Disturbance Flashcards

1
Q

The typical adult is approximately what percentage of fluid?

A

60% but,
Elderly - ~50%
Babies ~ 70% and
Women tend to have less body water b/c we have higher ratio of fat cells than men.

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2
Q

How is fluid proportioned in the body?

A

Intracellular - 2/3 of body fluid
Extracellular including:
intravascular (w/in blood vessels)
interstitial (lymph)
transcellular (cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial)
Third spacing - loss of ECF into space that normally contains no fluid.

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3
Q

What is third spacing?

A

loss of extracellular fluid into space that normally has little to no fluid.

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4
Q

What controls the fluid balance in the body?

A

Pressure sensors that trigger the pituitary
Antidiuretic hormones are then released by the pituitary.

The hypothalamus signals the brain that you are thirsty.

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5
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Active chemicals in the body that carry positive and negative electrical charges.

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6
Q

What are the major cation electrolytes?

A 
Cation = +
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Hydrogen ions
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7
Q

What are the major anion electrolytes?

A 
Anion = -
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Sulfate
Proteinate ions
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8
Q

Electrolyte concentrations in different fluid compartments…

A

differ

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9
Q

Movement of fluid through capillary walls depends on …

A

hydrostatic pressure

osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

the pressure of the fluid on the container (blood vessel, cell etc)

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11
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution in order to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane

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12
Q

How does osmosis work?

A

WATER moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. No energy required

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13
Q

How does diffusion work?

A

SOLUTES move from area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. No membrane and No energy required

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14
Q

How does filtration work?

A

movement of water or solutes occurs from area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure (like water leaking from a hose).

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15
Q

What are the types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

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16
Q

What is active transport?

A

physiological pump that moves fluid from area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration

  1. causes movement against concentration gradients
  2. Na-K pump: maintains higher concentration of ECF Na and ICF K than with passive transport
  3. Fluid imbalance allows for electrical current
17
Q

What is the first s/s of a disease process in imbalance?

A

Fatigue
b/c lack of electrical movement affects the brain and heart
Heart can’t pump correctly or at all
Brain can’t send signals effectively resulting in confusion, dizziness, stroke or death
Muscles twitch, contract or become flacid

18
Q

When electrons in the body move too easily what happens to the body?

A

Seizures

Heart arrhythmias

19
Q

When electrons in the body move too slowly what happens to the body?

A

Fatigue

Confusion

20
Q

True/False

Osmosis is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

A

FALSE
Osmosis is the movement of FLUID through a semipermeable membrane from a high solute concentration to a low solute concentration

21
Q

An isotonic solution has the ____ as blood plasma.

A

same osmolarity
ex. Normal Saline (0.9%NS)
Lactated Ringer’s (LR)

22
Q

A hypertonic solution has the ____ as blood plasma.

A

greater osmolarity
ex. albumin
Dextrose 5% in Normal Saline (D5NS)
Dextrose 5% in 1/2 normal saline (D51/2NS)
Dextrose 5% in Lactated Ringer’s (D5LR)

23
Q

A hypotonic solution has the ____ as blood plasma.

A

lower osmolarity

ex. 1/2 normal saline (0.45%NS)

24
Q

What is the normal range for potassium in the blood?

A

potassium 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

25
Q

What is the normal range for sodium in the blood?

A

135 - 145 mEq/L

26
Q

What is 0.9%NS?

A

Normal saline

27
Q

What is LR?

A

lactated ringer’s

28
Q

What is 0.45%NS?

A

1/2 normal saline

29
Q

What is D5NS?

A

Dextrose 5% in normal saline

30
Q

What is D51/2NS?

A

Dextrose 5% in 1/2 normal saline

31
Q

What is D5LR?

A

Dextrose 5% in lactated ringer’s

32
Q

How do we gain water in our bodies?

A

dietary intake of fluid, food or enteral feeding

perenteral fluids

33
Q

How we loss water from our bodies?

A

urination (kidneys)
skin loss - sweat, wounds
lungs - breating
GI tract - diarrhea, vomiting, GI suction

34
Q

What is sensible loss of fluids?

A

Loss of fluid that can be measured?

35
Q

What is insensible loss of fluids?

A

Loss of fluid that can not be measured?

36
Q

What is the average output per hour of an adult?

A

30mL/hour

37
Q

What is the average daily urinary output in an adult?

A

1.5 L

38
Q

What are the nursing diagnoses for fluid volume imbalances?

A

Fluid volume deficit

Fluid volume excess

Med Surg 1 (8 decks)

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