Test 1 Review Flashcards by Clayton Patterson

Sclala tympani and scala vestibuli are filled with _______________ fluid

Perilymph

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Main Function of the auricle/pinna is to ________________

Catch sound and funnel it down to the external auditory canal.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Somas/cell body of the auditory neurons are located in the _______________

Modiolus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ligaments and muscle attachments to the Incus:

posterior and superior ligaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The space in the middle-ear cavity above the tympanic membrane is the_______________.

Epitympanic recess

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ______________ primary transducer of mechanical to electrochemical energy

Inner hair cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the United States, the # born with a detectable level of hearing loss in one or both ears.

About 2 to 3 out of every 1,000 children

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a pressure increase of 44 to 1 corresponds =

increase of approximately 33 dB SPL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which muscle connects to the manubrium of malleus?

Tensor tympani

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The middle-ear muscle which contracts in order to reduce the amplitude of vibration of a sound and which is innervated by a branch of the facial nerve(VII) is the ________________.

Stapedius Muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Separates the scala media from the scala tympani

The Basilar Membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pathology:

A disorder of hearing organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The bottom canal/chamber of the bony labyrinth

Scala tympani

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The three middle ear bones that make up the ___________ chain are the ___________, ______________ and the stapes.

Ossicular, malleus, incus.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many “outer” hair cells do we have?

3 to 4 rows of 12,000-20,000

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The stria vascularis is located in the scala media and functions to ______________

Carry blood
Supplies oxygen and other nutrients
Produce endolymph.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The 2 structures of the tympanic cavity

Tympanum (main portion)

* Epitympanic recess (attic or upper area)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attachment 1 for the suspension of the ossicular chain system:

Attachment of malleus to the eardrum (at umbo)
Indudomalleolar/Malleoincudal joint
Incudostapedial joint
Attachment of the stapes footplate to the oval window

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One purpose of the Eustachian tube is to match the pressure of the middle ear to the pressure of the __________________.

Outer ear

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many Americans aged 12 years or older have a hearing loss in both ears?

One in eight people in the United States (13% or 30 million.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The middle canal/chamber

Scala media or Cochlear Duct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which ME muscle is innervated by cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

Tensor tympani

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the cylindrical cable of the 8th nerve, the outer portion is made up of :

Base/high frequency fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What percentage of the inner radial fibers innervate the inner hair cells?

90 - 95%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neurons enter the cochlea through the

Habenula Perforata

A groove in the lateral wall

Tympanic sulcus

Ligaments and muscle attachments to the Malleus:

lateral, anterior, and superior ligaments; tensor tympani muscle

The central core around which the cochlea winds is called the __________________.

Modiolus

What attaches to the TM via the manubrium?

Malleus

The human tympanic membrane is comprised of ______________ layers.

Three

Opened by actions of these two muscles of the soft palate during the acts of swallowing, yawning, talking, etc.

1. Levator palitini | 2. Tensor veli palitini

The tips of the outer hair cells are imbedded in the _______________ membrane.

Tectorial

n the cylindrical cable of the 8th nerve, the inner portion is made up of :

Apical/low frequency portion

Cerumen/earwax is produced in the _______________ portion of the external ear canal.

Cartilaginous

Endolymph fluid is _____ potassium and _____ sodium)

high (potassium) | low (sodium)

The point of maximum retraction of the Tympanic Membrane is the _______________.

Umbo

Explain the Curved-Membrane Buckling Principle

–Buckling action (of the eardrum) - Eardrum buckles as it moves due to its attachment to the manubrium of the malleus (umbo) and firm attachment to the tympanic annulus

What Contains fibrous middle layer, Makes up 2/3 to ¾ of the eardrum, Primarily responsible for sound transmission?

Pars tensa

The top canal/chamber of the bony labyrinth

Scala vestibuli

What 4 things make up the Peripheral auditory system?

``` • Outer ear (auricle/pinna, external auditory meatus and canal) • Middle ear • Inner Ear • VIII cranial nerve ```

How Are Hair Cells Stimulated?

1. Movement of the basilar membrane | 2. Movement of the Perilymph fluid.

A stiff cartilaginous ring at the periphery which fits into the tympanic sulcus

Tympanic annulus

The ___________ = narrower and stiffer, reacts best to higher frequencies

Base

Impairment:

An abnormal function of the auditory system

What is connected to the head of the malleus (middle | ossicle)

Incus

The contents of the Cartilaginous portion of the external ear canal.

* hair follicles * sebaceous (sweat & oil secreting) glands * ceruminous (wax secreting) glands

Name the 5 parts of the Inner Ear

1. Vestibular portion 2. Auditory portion 3. Fluid filled system 4. Bony labyrinth 5. Membranous labyrinth

The Tympanic Membrane is considered part of the:

Middle Ear

The 8th Nerve exits the bony labyrinth via the

Internal auditory meatus.

The tympanic membrane is held in position at the end of the external auditory canal by a ring of tissue called the ___________________.

Tympanic annulus

The dB reduction of Acoustic Reflex

10-30 dB reduction -for frequencies below 1000 Hz

The small opening allowing passage of perilymph from the scala vestibili to the scala tympani is called the ______________

Helicotrema

What percentage of the inner radial fibers innervate the outer hair cells?

5 - 10%

The fluid that surrounds the membranous labyrinth is _________________

Perilymph

Name the elements of the Vestibular Portion

1. Sensory receptor cells and organs for balance 2. Utricle 3. Saccule 4. Semicircular canals

Approximately how many Americans over 18 report some trouble with hearing?

Approximately 15% or 37.5 million

Name the 3 ossicles that make up the ossicular chain:

Malleus, Incus, and the Stapes.

E-tube opening the nasopharynx is normally kept closed by actions of two muscles

1. Salpingopalatius | 2. Salphingopharyngeus

how much dB gain loss does the middle ear make up for?

approximately 32.9 dB gain

The stapes footplate sits in the ______________ which is the connection/boundary between the middle and inner ears.

Oval window

Tallest stereocilia of the OHCs are attached to the undersurface of the __________________.

tectorial membrane

Three major functions of the ET:

1. Equalizes air pressure 2. Aeration 3. Drainage

Where is the Tectorial membrane located

In the organ of Corti.

These fibers directly synapse with the nerve

Outer hair cells

The muscle connects to head of stapes

Stapedius

The auricle/pinna is most efficient in funneling _________ frequencies to the tympanic membrane.

Mid to high frequencies

The resonant frequency of the average adult external auditory canal is the with a range of ________________.

2500-3500hz

lies on top of the Scala Media

Spiral Organ of Corti

Periplymph fluid is _____ potassium and _____ sodium)

high (sodium)

The deep center point of attachment to the manubrium of the malleus

Umbo

The clear liquid in which the membranous labyrinth is situated.

Perilymph

forms the floor of the Scala Media

Basilar membrane

What is the most posterior-superior portion of the tympanic membrane?

Pars flaccida

The frequency response pattern of the sensory cells in the cochlea goes from the ____________ frequencies at the basal end to _________ frequencies at the apical end.

Highest, lowest

The middle-ear impedance matcher allows for a gain of approximately __________dB due to the area difference between the tympanic membrane and the oval window.

25 db SPL

Innervation of the tensor tympani muscle is from the__________________

Trigeminal, cranial nerve V

Muscle contractions of the Acoustic Reflex result in reduction of:

energy transmission of lower pitched/frequency sounds thought the middle ear

The diameter of the ear canal

5-9 mm in diameter

Which muscle is innervated by cranial nerve VII (facial)

Stapedius

Disability:

The adverse effect on a person’s life due to the psychosocial and psychological problems associated with auditory impairment.

How many "inner" hair cells do we have?

1 row of 3,500

The concha is ___________________.

The middle-most, bowl-shaped portion of the pinna, which opens into the external auditory canal.

How long does it take for Acoustic Reflex to kick in?

- a minimum of 10 ms | - it can take as long as 60-120ms to occur

The length of the ear canal

25-35 mm in length

The membranous labyrinth contains fluid called ____________________

endolymph

How long is the ET

35 mm in adults

What are the two muscles of the Middle ear?

1. Tensor tympani | 2. Stapedius

These fibers only synapse with afferent neurons

Inner hair cells

Scala media is filled with _________________

endolymph

This forms the ceiling of the Scala media

Reissner’s membrane

The facial nerve is cranial nerve number__________

VII

The opening of the External Auditory Meatus & Canal

Found within the squamous portion of the temporal bone.

The ___________ = wider and less stiff, reacts best to low frequencies

Apex

There are 2 __________ fibers for every 100 afferent fibers

Efferent

The largest surface area of the tympanic membrane is called _________________.

Pars tensa

Acoustic Reflex Involves contraction of what two muscles?

Stapedius and Tensor tympani

The pars flaccida portion of the tympanic membrane is also known as ___________________.

Shrapnell's membrane

The Structures of the Middle Ear:

* Tympanum and epitympanic recess * Tympanic membrane * Ossicular chain * Middle ear muscles and ligament * Eustachian tube

Ligaments and muscle attachments to the Stapes:

annular ligament and stapedius muscle

What are the sensory cells for hearing

The inner and outer hair cells