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CSD 372 > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Sclala tympani and scala vestibuli are filled with _______________ fluid

A

Perilymph

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2
Q

The Main Function of the auricle/pinna is to ________________

A

Catch sound and funnel it down to the external auditory canal.

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3
Q

Somas/cell body of the auditory neurons are located in the _______________

A

Modiolus

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4
Q

Ligaments and muscle attachments to the Incus:

A

posterior and superior ligaments

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5
Q

The space in the middle-ear cavity above the tympanic membrane is the_______________.

A

Epitympanic recess

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6
Q

The ______________ primary transducer of mechanical to electrochemical energy

A

Inner hair cells

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7
Q

In the United States, the # born with a detectable level of hearing loss in one or both ears.

A

About 2 to 3 out of every 1,000 children

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8
Q

a pressure increase of 44 to 1 corresponds =

A

increase of approximately 33 dB SPL

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9
Q

Which muscle connects to the manubrium of malleus?

A

Tensor tympani

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10
Q

The middle-ear muscle which contracts in order to reduce the amplitude of vibration of a sound and which is innervated by a branch of the facial nerve(VII) is the ________________.

A

Stapedius Muscle

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11
Q

Separates the scala media from the scala tympani

A

The Basilar Membrane

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12
Q

Pathology:

A

A disorder of hearing organs

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13
Q

The bottom canal/chamber of the bony labyrinth

A

Scala tympani

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14
Q

The three middle ear bones that make up the ___________ chain are the ___________, ______________ and the stapes.

A

Ossicular, malleus, incus.

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15
Q

How many “outer” hair cells do we have?

A

3 to 4 rows of 12,000-20,000

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16
Q

The stria vascularis is located in the scala media and functions to ______________

A
  • Carry blood
  • Supplies oxygen and other nutrients
  • Produce endolymph.
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17
Q

The 2 structures of the tympanic cavity

A
  • Tympanum (main portion)

* Epitympanic recess (attic or upper area)

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18
Q

Attachment 1 for the suspension of the ossicular chain system:

A
  • Attachment of malleus to the eardrum (at umbo)
  • Indudomalleolar/Malleoincudal joint
  • Incudostapedial joint
  • Attachment of the stapes footplate to the oval window
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19
Q

One purpose of the Eustachian tube is to match the pressure of the middle ear to the pressure of the __________________.

A

Outer ear

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20
Q

How many Americans aged 12 years or older have a hearing loss in both ears?

A

One in eight people in the United States (13% or 30 million.

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21
Q

The middle canal/chamber

A

Scala media or Cochlear Duct

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22
Q

Which ME muscle is innervated by cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

A

Tensor tympani

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23
Q

In the cylindrical cable of the 8th nerve, the outer portion is made up of :

A

Base/high frequency fibers

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24
Q

What percentage of the inner radial fibers innervate the inner hair cells?

A

90 - 95%

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25
Q

Neurons enter the cochlea through the

A

Habenula Perforata

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26
Q

A groove in the lateral wall

A

Tympanic sulcus

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27
Q

Ligaments and muscle attachments to the Malleus:

A

lateral, anterior, and superior ligaments; tensor tympani muscle

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28
Q

The central core around which the cochlea winds is called the __________________.

A

Modiolus

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29
Q

What attaches to the TM via the manubrium?

A

Malleus

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30
Q

The human tympanic membrane is comprised of ______________ layers.

A

Three

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31
Q

Opened by actions of these two muscles of the soft palate during the acts of swallowing, yawning, talking, etc.

A
  1. Levator palitini

2. Tensor veli palitini

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32
Q

The tips of the outer hair cells are imbedded in the _______________ membrane.

A

Tectorial

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33
Q

n the cylindrical cable of the 8th nerve, the inner portion is made up of :

A

Apical/low frequency portion

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34
Q

Cerumen/earwax is produced in the _______________ portion of the external ear canal.

A

Cartilaginous

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35
Q

Endolymph fluid is _____ potassium and _____ sodium)

A

high (potassium)

low (sodium)

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36
Q

The point of maximum retraction of the Tympanic Membrane is the _______________.

A

Umbo

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37
Q

Explain the Curved-Membrane Buckling Principle

A

–Buckling action (of the eardrum)
- Eardrum buckles as it moves due to its attachment to the manubrium of the malleus (umbo) and firm attachment to the tympanic annulus

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38
Q

What Contains fibrous middle layer, Makes up 2/3 to ¾ of the eardrum, Primarily responsible for sound transmission?

A

Pars tensa

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39
Q

The top canal/chamber of the bony labyrinth

A

Scala vestibuli

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40
Q

What 4 things make up the Peripheral auditory system?

A 
• Outer ear (auricle/pinna, external auditory
meatus and canal)
• Middle ear
• Inner Ear
• VIII cranial nerve
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41
Q

How Are Hair Cells Stimulated?

A
  1. Movement of the basilar membrane

2. Movement of the Perilymph fluid.

42
Q

A stiff cartilaginous ring at the periphery which fits into the tympanic sulcus

A

Tympanic annulus

43
Q

The ___________ = narrower and stiffer, reacts best to higher frequencies

44
Q

Impairment:

A

An abnormal function of the auditory system

45
Q

What is connected to the head of the malleus (middle

ossicle)

46
Q

The contents of the Cartilaginous portion of the external ear canal.

A
  • hair follicles
  • sebaceous (sweat & oil secreting) glands
  • ceruminous (wax secreting) glands
47
Q

Name the 5 parts of the Inner Ear

A
  1. Vestibular portion
  2. Auditory portion
  3. Fluid filled system
  4. Bony labyrinth
  5. Membranous labyrinth
48
Q

The Tympanic Membrane is considered part of the:

A

Middle Ear

49
Q

The 8th Nerve exits the bony labyrinth via the

A

Internal auditory meatus.

50
Q

The tympanic membrane is held in position at the end of the external auditory canal by a ring of tissue called the ___________________.

A

Tympanic annulus

51
Q

The dB reduction of Acoustic Reflex

A

10-30 dB reduction

-for frequencies below 1000 Hz

52
Q

The small opening allowing passage of perilymph from the scala vestibili to the scala tympani is called the ______________

A

Helicotrema

53
Q

What percentage of the inner radial fibers innervate the outer hair cells?

54
Q

The fluid that surrounds the membranous labyrinth is _________________

55
Q

Name the elements of the Vestibular Portion

A
  1. Sensory receptor cells and organs for balance
  2. Utricle
  3. Saccule
  4. Semicircular canals
56
Q

Approximately how many Americans over 18 report some trouble with hearing?

A

Approximately 15% or 37.5 million

57
Q

Name the 3 ossicles that make up the ossicular chain:

A

Malleus, Incus, and the Stapes.

58
Q

E-tube opening the nasopharynx is normally kept closed by actions of two muscles

A
  1. Salpingopalatius

2. Salphingopharyngeus

59
Q

how much dB gain loss does the middle ear make up for?

A

approximately 32.9 dB gain

60
Q

The stapes footplate sits in the ______________ which is the connection/boundary between the middle and inner ears.

A

Oval window

61
Q

Tallest stereocilia of the OHCs are attached to the undersurface of the __________________.

A

tectorial membrane

62
Q

Three major functions of the ET:

A
  1. Equalizes air pressure
  2. Aeration
  3. Drainage
63
Q

Where is the Tectorial membrane located

A

In the organ of Corti.

64
Q

These fibers directly synapse with the nerve

A

Outer hair cells

65
Q

The muscle connects to head of stapes

66
Q

The auricle/pinna is most efficient in funneling _________ frequencies to the tympanic membrane.

A

Mid to high frequencies

67
Q

The resonant frequency of the average adult external auditory canal is the with a range of ________________.

A

2500-3500hz

68
Q

lies on top of the Scala Media

A

Spiral Organ of Corti

69
Q

Periplymph fluid is _____ potassium and _____ sodium)

A

high (sodium)

70
Q

The deep center point of attachment to the manubrium of the malleus

71
Q

The clear liquid in which the membranous labyrinth is situated.

72
Q

forms the floor of the Scala Media

A

Basilar membrane

73
Q

What is the most posterior-superior portion of the tympanic membrane?

A

Pars flaccida

74
Q

The frequency response pattern of the sensory cells in the cochlea goes from the ____________ frequencies at the basal end to _________ frequencies at the apical end.

A

Highest, lowest

75
Q

The middle-ear impedance matcher allows for a gain of approximately __________dB due to the area difference between the tympanic membrane and the oval window.

76
Q

Innervation of the tensor tympani muscle is from the__________________

A

Trigeminal, cranial nerve V

77
Q

Muscle contractions of the Acoustic Reflex result in reduction of:

A

energy transmission of lower pitched/frequency sounds thought the middle ear

78
Q

The diameter of the ear canal

A

5-9 mm in diameter

79
Q

Which muscle is innervated by cranial nerve VII (facial)

80
Q

Disability:

A

The adverse effect on a person’s life due to the psychosocial and psychological problems associated with auditory impairment.

81
Q

How many “inner” hair cells do we have?

A

1 row of 3,500

82
Q

The concha is ___________________.

A

The middle-most, bowl-shaped portion of the pinna, which opens into the external auditory canal.

83
Q

How long does it take for Acoustic Reflex to kick in?

A
  • a minimum of 10 ms

- it can take as long as 60-120ms to occur

84
Q

The length of the ear canal

A

25-35 mm in length

85
Q

The membranous labyrinth contains fluid called ____________________

86
Q

How long is the ET

A

35 mm in adults

87
Q

What are the two muscles of the Middle ear?

A
  1. Tensor tympani

2. Stapedius

88
Q

These fibers only synapse with afferent neurons

A

Inner hair cells

89
Q

Scala media is filled with _________________

90
Q

This forms the ceiling of the Scala media

A

Reissner’s membrane

91
Q

The facial nerve is cranial nerve number__________

92
Q

The opening of the External Auditory Meatus & Canal

A

Found within the squamous portion of the temporal bone.

93
Q

The ___________ = wider and less stiff, reacts best to low frequencies

94
Q

There are 2 __________ fibers for every 100 afferent fibers

95
Q

The largest surface area of the tympanic membrane is called _________________.

A

Pars tensa

96
Q

Acoustic Reflex Involves contraction of what two muscles?

A

Stapedius and Tensor tympani

97
Q

The pars flaccida portion of the tympanic membrane is also known as ___________________.

A

Shrapnell’s membrane

98
Q

The Structures of the Middle Ear:

A
  • Tympanum and epitympanic recess
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Ossicular chain
  • Middle ear muscles and ligament
  • Eustachian tube
99
Q

Ligaments and muscle attachments to the Stapes:

A

annular ligament and stapedius muscle

100
Q

What are the sensory cells for hearing

A

The inner and outer hair cells

CSD 372 (13 decks)

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