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Pharmacology > Test 1 review > Flashcards

Test 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

Controlled Substances are Drugs that…

A

Have a high potential for addiction or dependence

Physical dependence
Psychological dependence

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2
Q

Controlled Substance Act of 1970

A

Restricts use of drugs w/ potential for abuse

Restricted drugs placed into 5 schedules

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3
Q

School age children and pharmacotherapy

A

Give Longer, mor detailed explanations, but still basic information

Praise cooperation
Offer choices when appropriate

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4
Q

Adolescents and pharmacotherapy

A

Need understanding and respect, teens do not want to look “different than their peers

  • Educate about hazards of tobacco and substance abuse
  • Allow time for questions
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5
Q

Illnesses requiring drug therapy for middle-Aged Adults

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
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6
Q

6 Categories of Human-Integration Pyramid

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Genetic predisposition
  4. Community-environment factors
  5. Culture and ethnicity
  6. Psychological-social-spiritual needs
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7
Q

Community Factors that Affect Pharmacotherapy

A
  1. Urbanization
  2. Age distribution
  3. Socioeconomic levels
  4. Occupational patterns
  5. Industrial growth
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8
Q

Physical Dependence Substances…

A 
Opioids
Alcohol
Sedatives
Some Stimulants 
Nicotine
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9
Q

Psychological Dependence Substances

A

Marijuana

Anti-Anxiety drugs

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10
Q

Withdrawal Definition

A

Withdrawal symptoms and signs are the opposite of what the drug originally causes.

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11
Q

Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms

A 
Excessive sweating
Restlessness
Dilated Pupils 
Increased HR and BP
N/V
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12
Q

Barbiturates and Sedative Withdrawal Symptoms

A

Insomnia
Anxiety
Anorexia
Seizures

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13
Q

Benzodiazepine Withdrawal

A

Insomnia
Restlessness
Fatigue
Sensitivity to light and sound

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14
Q

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms

A

Withdrawal can be life threatening

-Treat with benzodiazepines or Librium for withdrawal issues

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15
Q

Substance P

A

Neurotransmitter responsible for continuing the pain message

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16
Q

Endogenous Opioids

A

May modify sensory info, interrupting pain transmission

-Endorphins, dynorphins, ekaphalins

Humor, chocolate, exercise

17
Q

Mu and Kappa Receptors

A

Morphine activates mu and kappa receptors

Naloxone (Narcan) inhibits mu and kappa receptors

18
Q

Opioid Response

A 
Decreased GI motility
Euphoria
Constriction
Physical dependence
Sedation
19
Q

Morphine

A 
Opioid Agonist (prototype drug)
Binds to mu and kappa receptor sites to produce analgesia

Watch for respiratory depression

20
Q

Opioid Toxicity

A

Severe Respiratory depression
Medical emergency
Major change in vital signs

21
Q

Opioid Antagonists

A

Reverse effects of opioids
Used for overdose or overly aggressive pain therapy

NARCAN

22
Q

Treatment of Opioid Dependence

A

Methadone maintenance

23
Q

NonOpioid Pain Drugs (Classes)

A

Acetaminophen
Nonsteroidal Anti Inflammatory NSAIDs
Salicylates
Selective Cox-2 Inhibitors

24
Q

Tylenol

A

Prototype drug: Acetaminophen (nonopioid analgesic)
-mildly inhibits prostaglandins

Overdoses are LETHAL

25
Q

ibuprofen (Motrin)

A

Prototype NSAID: Ibuprofen (Motrin)

  • Inhibit COX and prevent formation of prostaglandins
  • Used for mild or moderate pain and to reduce INFLAMMATION

-GI upset, acute renal failure

26
Q

Aspirin (ASA)

A

Prototype Salicylate: Aspirin (ASA)

  • anticoagulant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic
  • high doses may cause GI distress and bleeding

-May increase action of oral hypoglycemic agents

27
Q

celecoxib (Celebrex)

A

Prototype Cox-2 inhibitor

  • Similar to the NSAIDs
  • releive pain, fever, inflammation

ADVERSE EFFECTS: Mild and related to GI system

28
Q

Tripans & Ergot alkaloids

A

Used in antimigraine therapy

Act as VASOCONSTRICTORS and constrict certain intracranial vessels

29
Q

sumatriptan (Imitrex)

A

Prototype Tripan- Anti-migraine drug

Constricts certain intracranial vessels
Used to abort migraines

ADVERSE EFFECTS; GI upset, INCREASE IN BP

30
Q

Acute Inflammation (5 basic steps)

A
  1. Vasodilation (REDNESS / HEAT)
  2. Vascular permeability (EDEMA)
  3. Cellular infiltration (PUS)
  4. Thrombosis (CLOTS)
  5. Stimulation of nerve endings (PAIN)
31
Q

Histamine

A
  • Key chemical mediator in INFLAMMATION
  • stored in MAST CELLS
  • Initiates Inflammatory Response
  • Directly stimulate pain receptors

Release of histamine produces VASODILATION
-CAPILLARIES BECOME LEAKY causing tissue SWELLING

32
Q

Cyclooxygenase (COX-1)

A

Inhibition of COX-1 results in:
-BLEEDING, GASTRIC UPSET, REDUCED RENAL FUNCTION

REMEMBER:
ASPIRIN inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2

33
Q

COX-2

A

Present at sites of injury
-Promotes inflammation, sensitizes pain receptors, mediates fever in brain.

INHIBITION of COX-2 results in suppression of inflammation

34
Q

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

A

Prototype drug: ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin…)
-inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

Used for musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, mild to moderate pain, fever reduction

TYLENOL IS NOT an NSAID

35
Q

NSAID drugs

  • Adverse effects
  • Patient Education
A

Adverse Effects:
-nausea, heartburn, epigastric pain, dizziness

Patient Education
-Watch for GI bleeding & pain, Kidney damage, Increased BP

36
Q

Prednisone

A

Prototype “Systemic Glucocorticoid” Anti-inflammatory

-Long term therapy may result in Cushing syndrome

37
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

Result of long term glucocorticoid use. Effects include:

  • Suppresion of adrenal gland function
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Mood changes, cataracts, peptic ulcers

Results Short-term treatment

  • Insomnia
  • Personality changes
  • Increased energy
  • GI upset
38
Q

Systemic Glucocorticoids

-Contraindication

A

Creates potential for existing infections to grow rapidly and undetected

-Contraindicated in ACTIVE INFECTIONS

39
Q

Glucocorticoid

-Long term treatment

A
  • Keep dose as low as possible
  • Use alternate-day dosing
  • Cushing syndrome may result
  • DISCONTINUE GRADUALLY

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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