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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Penecillins

A
  1. Most effective against GRAM-POSITIVE bacteria
  2. Kill bacteria by disrupting CELL WALL w/ beta-lactam ring
  3. Beta-lactamase or penicillinase is enzyme allowing bacteria to be resistant
  4. One of the SAFEST classes of antibiotic
  5. If client is allergic to penicillin, avoid cephalosporins
    * Take on empty stomach
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2
Q

Penicillin G

-Mechanism of action

A

KILL Bacteria by disrupting their cell wall

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3
Q

Penicillin G

-Primary Use

A

Used against GRAM-Positive bacteria like:

  • Streptococci
  • Pneumococci
  • Staphylococci
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4
Q

Penicillin G

-Adverse effects

A
  • Diarrhea
  • N/V
  • ANAPHYLAXIS
  • superinfection

Common to have allergy to penicillin
Well tolerated drug

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5
Q

Penicillin G

-Monitor Pt for…

A

Monitor the pt for:

  1. Hyperkalemia & kypernatremia
  2. Monitor cardiac status, including ECG changes
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6
Q

Cephalosporins

A
  • Similar in structure and function to penicillins
  • Widely prescribed anti-infective class
  • Cross sensitivity to penicillin’s & watch for allergies
  • 4 generations
  • can give disulfiram or Antabuse like reaction w/ alcohol

Take with FOOD

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7
Q

cefotaxime (Claforan)

-Mechanism of action

A

To act w/ broad-spectrum activity against gram-negative organisms

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8
Q

cefotaxime (Claforan)

-Primary Use

A

Serious infections of lower respiratory tract, CNS, genitourinary system, bones, blood, and joints

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9
Q

cefotaxime (Claforan)

-Adverse Effects

A
  1. Hypersensitivity
  2. Anaphylaxis
  3. Diarrhea
  4. N/V
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10
Q

Cephalosporins

-3rd and 4th generation

A

Can enter the cerebral spinal fluid

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11
Q

Cephalosporins

-Assessments

A
  1. Assess for presence or history of bleeding disorders
    - Cephalosporins may reduce prothrombin levels
  2. Assess renal and hepatic function
  3. AVOID alcohol
    - Some cephalosporins cause disulfiram (Antabuse)-like reaction w/ alcohol
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12
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  1. Some of the broadest spectrum of any antibiotic class
  2. Avoid other minerals w/ it; especially CALCIUM
  3. Discolors teeth
  4. Causes bone deformity in the fetus
  5. only used on a few diseases due to resistance
  6. Pregnant or women on oral contraceptives should not be on it
  7. Can affect the liver and kidneys
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13
Q

Tetracycline

-Mechanism of action

A

Effective against BROAD RANGE of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms

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14
Q

Tetracycline

-Primary Use

A

Used against:

  1. Chamydiae
  2. rickettsiae
  3. mycoplasma
  4. H. pylori
  5. Lyme disease
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15
Q

Tetracycline

-Adverse Effects

A
  1. Discoloration of teeth
  2. Photosensitivity
  3. N/V
  4. Diarrhea
  5. Risk for superinfection is HIGH
  6. Pregnancy Category D
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16
Q

Tetracycline

-Contraindicated

A
  1. Do not take w/ milk
  2. Clients who are pregnant or lactating
    - Has effects on linear skeletal growth of fetus and child
  3. Children less than 8 years of age
    - permanent mottling and discoloration of teeth
17
Q

Aminoglycosides

A
  1. Narrow-spectrum drugs
  2. Bacteriocidal
  3. Reserved for serious systemic infections caused by:
    • AEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
      • E. coli, serratia, proteus, kelbsiella, pseudomonas
  4. Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
18
Q

Aminoglycoside
Gentamicin (Garamycin)
-Mechanism of action

A

Broad Spectrum

Bacteriocidal antibiotic

19
Q

Aminoglycoside

-primary use

A

Serious urinary, respiratory, nervous, or GI infections

Class of choice for Gram-Negative Bacilli*****

20
Q

Aminoglycoside

-Adverse effects

A

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

21
Q

Aminoglycoside

-Monitor for…

A
  1. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
  2. Hearing loss may occur after therapy has been completed
  3. Increase fluid intake, unless otherwise contraindicated to promote excretion
  4. Measure PEAK or plasma levels while the patient is on this class
22
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A
  1. Bacteriocidal
  2. affect DNA synthesis by inhibiting two bacterial enzymes
  3. All have activity against Gram-Negative Pathogens **
23
Q

Fluoroquinolone

-What to monitor?

A
  1. Monitor WBC’s
  2. Monitor Clients w/ liver and renal dysfunction
  3. May cause Photophobia
  4. Teach that drugs may cause DIZZINESS and lightheadedness
    - Advise against driving or performing hazardous tasks during drug therapy
24
Q

Fluoroquinolone

-Weird Adverse reaction

A
  1. Can cause tendon rupture, especially in children
25
Q

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

A

Prototype fluoroquinolone

  1. Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase
  2. Affects bacterial replication and DNA repair
  3. Used for repiratory infections, bone and joint infections, GI infections, ophthalmic infections, sinusitis, and prostatitis
  4. May cause N/V, diarrhea, phototoxicity, headache, dizziness
26
Q

Fluoroquinolone

-Adverse Effects

A
  1. Do not take w/ multivitamins or minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, or zinc ions
    - Can decrease absorption by up to 90%
  2. Most serious side effects are:
    - Dysrhythmias
    - Liver failure
27
Q

Sulfonamides

A
  1. Bacteriostatic and act by inhibiting FOLIC ACID
  2. Broad spectrum
  3. Class of choice to treat UTI
  4. Watch for photosensitivity
  5. Take w/ a lot of water
  6. Watch for decrease renal function
28
Q

Bactrim (sulfonamide)

Mechanism

A

To kill bacteria by inhibiting bacterial metabolism of folic acid

29
Q

Bactrim (sulfonamide)

-Primary Use

A

UTI’s

30
Q

Bactrim (sulfonamide)

-Adverse Effects

A

Skin Rashes
N/V
Agranulocytosis or Thrombocytopenia

31
Q

Sulfonamide Therapy

-THings to monitor?

A
  1. Assess for ANEMIA or other hematological disorders
  2. Assess renal function;
    - sulfonamides may increase risk for crystalluria
  3. Can induce skin abnormality called STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME (rare but deadly)
  4. Teach clients how to decrease effects of photosensitivity
32
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin)

A

Effective for MRSA infections (Very Powerful)

Adverse Effects:

  • ototoxicity
  • nephrotoxicity
  • RED MAN SYNDROME
33
Q

Tuberculosis

-Therapy

A
  1. 2-4 antibiotic administered concurrently
  2. Antituberculosis drugs used to prevent disease in high-risk populations including:
  • Close contacts and family members of recently infected TB clients
  • Clients w/ AIDS
  • Clients who are HIV-positive
34
Q

TB therapy

-Contraindications

A

Contraindicated in:

  1. clients with hx of ALCOHOL ABUSE
  2. AIDS
  3. Liver disease
  4. Kidney DIsease
35
Q

Isoniazid

-Food interaction

A

Avoid foods containing tyramine while on isoniazid

36
Q

TB Drugs

A
  1. Isoniazid (INH)
    - Peripheral neuritis and hepatitis
  2. RIfampin
    - Liver toxicity
    - Stains urine, turns Orange-red
  3. Ethambutol
    - Visual acuity due to optic neuritis
37
Q

TB Drugs

-Summary

A

Can Cause:

  • Liver & Kidney damage
  • Nerve & visual damage
38
Q

Antituberculosis Agents

-Assessments

A

Assess:

  1. Kidney or liver disease
    - Assess cognitive ability to comply w/ long-term therapy
39
Q

Nursing Diagnoses for TB drugs

A

Noncompliance, RT therapeutic regimen

Deficient knowledge, RT drug therapy and spread of infection

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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