Test 1 - Further Q's Flashcards
- What is the function of the sphincter of oddi?
o Stimulated by CCK to release bile into S.I/Stomach
- What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
o it acts as a valve to controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine.
GASTRIC EMPYTYING
Why is the movement through the large intestine slow?
Allows for increased absorption of water.
- A key action of the large intestinal bacteria is to?
o Ferment digestible carbohydrates
- Within the stomach, the primary form of motility is?
o Peristalsis
- A key action of the large intestine is to?
o Synthesize small chain fatty acids from fermentation of dietary fibre.
- Alcohol metabolism via the ADH pathway is a net user of?
o NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
- What are the hematological functions of the liver?
o Removal of toxins from blood.
o Removal of circulating antibodies
o Synthesis of plasma proteins
- Worldwide, what is the major cause of liver cirrhosis?
Viral Infection
- Carbohydrate metabolism by the liver predominantly involves?
o Synthesis of glucose via the process of gluconeogenesis when fasting.
- What are the gluconeogenic precursors by the liver?
o Lactate, amino acid carbon skeletons and glycerol
- The smallest fundamental unit in the small intestine which absorption occurs are?
o Microvilli.
- Within the small intestine the predominant form of motility is?
o Segmentation (slow) Allows for greater absorption `by increasing suface area
- What are the 3 segments of the SI?
o Duodenum -> Ileum -> Jejunum -> (LI)
- What vitamins are produced in the LI?
o Biotin, K & B5
- The liver in its detoxification role can:
o Undertake the urea cycle (removal of NH4)
- With lipid metabolism the liver can?
o Synthesis VLDL in the liver.
- The chemical stimulus believed to be responsible for gall blader contraction and secretion of bile in the duodenum is?
o Cholecystokinin (CCK) -> Which stimulates sphincter of ODDI.
- What nutrients does the liver receive via the hepatic portal vein?
o Carbohydrates, Proteins & Alcohol.
- Major functions of the liver include?
o Storage of proteolytic enzymes for digestion in their active forms.
o Bile travels via which duct?
Hepatic duct to cystic duct. = Common bile duct. From Gall Bladder to SI
- What is Acid Reflux?
o strong atmospheric pressure gradient difference between the end of the esophagus and start of stomach increases risk of gastric reflux
- Where does CHO digestion occur?
o Mouth (Mechanical)– Slivary Amylase o Stomach (Chemical) – Eliminate bacteria and reduce chyme size o S.I -Pancreatic amylase breaks into dextrin and maltose. Further broken down into lactase, sucrase, and maltase. • Absorbed as glucose.
- What is the primary organs of the GI tract?
o GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
- What are the accessory (digestive organs
o The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system.
- What is the caecum?
o Pouch at the junction of SI & LI
Absorption of salts and water at end of digestion & absorption.
o Stores materials and begins compaction of fecaes.
- What is bolus?
o Bolus is contents that ingested by the mouth into stomach.
o Chyme is stomach to intestines.
- Where does protein digestion begin?
o Mechanical breakdown – Mouth -> into smaller pieces.
o Chemical digestion -> HCL & Pepsin
o of protein begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine.
- What pancreatic enzymes are involved in digestion of protein?
o The two major pancreatic enzymes that digest proteins are chymotrypsin and trypsin.
- Where is protein absorbed?
protein is absorbed as tripeptides, dipeptides or amino acids and this process occurs in the duodenum or proximal jejunum of the small intestine.
- What are the types of movements through the GI tract?
o Esophagus – Peristalsis
o Stomach - Segmentation
o SI - Segmentation
o LI – Peristalsis
- What is the ileocecal valve
o one way valve located between the ileum and the cecum, which is the first portion of the colon..
o This valve helps control the passage of contents into the colon and increases the contact time of nutrients and electrolytes (essential minerals) with the small intestine. It also prevents back-flow (reflux) from the colon up into the ileum, and minimizes the movement of bacteria from the large intestine up into the small bowel
- Partial cells of the stomach secrete?
o Gastric Acid (HCL)
- Chief Cells of the stomach secrete?
o The chief cells secrete pepsinogen
- Muscular contraction of the esophagus is
Peristalsis
- Gastric emptying refers to
o Emptying of contents from stomach to SI.
- The parietal cells of the stomach secrete?
o intrinsic factor to assist with vitamin B12 absorption
- The smallest unit of the GI tract absorptive epithelial cell surface?
o Microvilli.
- What is Achlorhydria?
o Person cannot produce enough HCL
Results In impaired digestion and damage of GI tract
- What is the major blood vessels carrying blood in the liver?
o hepatic artery which delivers oxygenated blood from the general circulation.
o hepatic portal vein delivering deoxygenated blood from the small intestine containing nutrients.
- How much of cardiac output does the liver receive?
o 25%
- Typsin is active in the?
o Duodenum
- What is the basic unit of the liver cells?
o The liver acinus, which contains clusters of hepatocytes, is the basic functional unit of the liver
- Storage and concentration of bile between meals is one of the key functions of the?
o Gallbladder. Sphincter of oddi is relaxed by CCK.
- The main active component of bile is?
o Bilirubin, the major pigment of bile, is an end product of heme catabolism that travels to the liver bound to albumin
- All alcohol consumed is metabolized by the?
o Mostly liver & stomach
- Metabolism of alcohol by the ADH pathway can result in a depletion of?
o Cellular NAD+ levels.
- When a drug or toxin is poorly metabolized by the liver, it will typically have a?
o Greater a biological effect on tissues of the systemic circulation
