Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 111 > Test 1 - Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Test 1 - Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are enzymes highly sensitive to ph and temperature?

A

because changes in temperature and pH can break hydrogen bonds and thus alter the enzyme shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is DNA different than RNA

A

DNA encodes hereditary information, whereas RNA is an intermediate in information transfer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Myoglobin, an oxygen binding protein, has quaternary structure, implying that it has what?

A

At least two different protein subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most enzymes are

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The enzyme sucrase increases the rate at which sucrose breaks down int glucose and fructose by doing what?

A

Lowering the activation energy of the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Negative Feedback mechanisms are

A

important for homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Enzymatic reactions can become saturated as substrate concentration increases because:

A

There are a limited number of the enzyme molecules present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two complementary strands of DNA are held together by

A

Hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The process by which a final product inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes the commitment step in a metabolic pathway is called

A

Feedback inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A typical carbon atom has 6 protons in the nucleus and four electrons in the outer orbital. Oxygen has:

A

8 protons in the nucleus and 6 electrons in the outer orbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The active site of an enzyme is:

A

Specific for the substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Evidence indicates that all life on Earth today

A

Has a single common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cells:

A

Can be building blocks for complex organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genes are:

A

Sequences of DNA that code for proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a characteristic that is the same in liver cells and brain cells

A

Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The nucleus of animal cells:

A

Contains DNA packaged with several proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the correct sequence, from weakest to strongest, of atomic interaction strength

A

Van der waals -> hydrogen -> ionic -> covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Table salt, NaCl, is electrostatically neutral. What does it do when it dissolves in water?

A

Dissociates to form Na+ and Cl- ions that interact with water molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The _____ “building blocks” of proteins become _____ are the polymer is formed

A

amino acid; covalently bonded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The ____ characteristic of phospholipids refers to them having both polar regions and non-polar regions

A

amphipathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

RNA translation occurs

A

at the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Na+K+ATPase is an _______ that uses up to 40% of the ATP produced in a cell to achieve _____

A

enzyme; primary active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prokaryotes

A

are surrounded by a cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis orchestrates the reproductive system, and its hormone levels are subject to negative feedback regulation via:

A

steroid-hormone receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase increases the rate at which acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol. As the concentration of acetaldehyde is increased, the rate of conversion speeds up, but eventually reaches a maximum, at which point further increases in the concentration of acetaldehyde have no effect, this maximum rate is due to:

A

The number of available alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

During diffusion of a solute, the molecules more from ____ concentration to _____ concentration.

A

high;low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If the diameter of a cell is increased, the ratio of surface are to volume

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Carbon to carbon double bonds are found in

A

unsaturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

competitive inhibitors of enzymes work by:

A

binding to the active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The mitochondria are responsible for

A

ATP synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Replication is the synthesis of _____ and transcription is the synthesis of _____

A

an identical copy of DNA; RNA based on the DNA template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

“essential” amino acids refer to amino acids that

A

Must be eaten as part of a diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Most of the water in your body is located in your

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

As sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) interact, Na is likely to ____ an electron while Cl is likely to ____ an electron.

A

lose;gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

For two atoms of different electronegativity values

A

The atom with the lower electronegativity is less likely to form a hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A characteristic of phospholipids that allows them to form a bilayer is the presence of

A

hydrophobic fatty acid tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Anabolic and catabolic reactions are often linked. For example, the breakdown of carbohydrates could be linked to the:

A

anabolism of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Corals without any symbiotic algae are

A

animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Protein interactions underlie the amoeboid movement we saw in class, as we watched the amoeba

A

engulf its prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the correct sequence of reactions in (aerobic metabolism)

A

glycolysis –>pyruvate transition –> citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Adenosine is the normal ____ for its membrane receptor

A

ligand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The concentration of hydrogen ions in mitochondria is maintained by

A

electron transport and proton pumping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Most ATP produced in our bodies is synthesized directly by:

A

ATP Synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where is the oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis derived from?

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis provide the Calvin cycle with

A

ATP and NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

When insulin binds to receptor proteins on its target cells, the cells will

A

increase the number of glucose-transporter proteins on the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How are receptor proteins and enzymes similar

A

both can be “saturated” when excess ligands are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Catabolic and anabolic reactions are often linked to allow one to drive the other. For example, the synthesis(i.e. anabolism/build up) of lipids could be linked to the

A

catabolism(break down) of carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

An excess of what can interfere with and/or stop the calvin cycle

A

oxygen

50
Q

What is the process that uses light energy to extract hydrogen atoms from water?

A

photosynthesis

51
Q

which biological group is dependent on photosynthesis for its survival

A

nearly all organisms depend on photosynthesis

52
Q

The energy difference between an electron excited by a photon compared to when the electron was in its ground state is ____ of the photon

A

related to the wavelength

53
Q

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, electrons from water end p in

A

NADPH *

*NADPH is an electron carrier

54
Q

Most of the lipids that make up biological membranes are called

A

phospholipids

55
Q

High hydrogen atoms means

A

low PH

56
Q

low hydrogen atoms means

A

high PH

57
Q

The storm of the chloroplast is the place where

A

the highest PH is found

58
Q

The synthesis of one glucose molecule in the Calvin cycle uses

A

way more ATP and NADPH than in the other choices

other choices were:
2 ATP 4 NADH
4 ATP 2 NADH
6 ATP 2 NADH

59
Q

Agonists activate metabolic and biochemical pathways and antagonists block responses. Caffeine is a stimulant that works because it acts as a(n) _____ to the adenosine receptors in a person’s brain.

A

competitive antagonist

60
Q

Yeast cells tend to create anaerobic conditions and therefore you would expect that they are able to

A

Produce ethanol

61
Q

What process(es) favor the persistence of the concentration gradient for glucose across the membranes of muscles

A

glycolysis
synthesis of glycogen
carbohydrate catabolism

62
Q

Pyruvate oxidation (pyruvate transition) step for one pyruvate molecule leads to the direct formation of

A

Acetyl-CoA
NADH
Co2

63
Q

What is the role of oxygen in human cells

A

to accept electrons from the respiratory chain

64
Q

The role of oxygen in chloroplasts is

A

limited to being a byproduct

-chloroplasts are the location of photosynthesis ..photosynthesis produces O2 and uses CO2

65
Q

How do competitive inhibitors of enzymes and most antagonists of cell signals (i.e. caffeine) work

A

by fitting into the active site of the affected protein

66
Q

ligand-receptor interactions differ from enzyme-substrate reactions in that

A

the ligand signal is not usually metabolized into reaction products

67
Q

The complete catabolism of 2 molecules of glucose produces ____ ATP produced by the process of oxidative phosphorylation. (Do not subtract any ATP “used up” in these reactions)

A

68

68
Q

In simple diffusion

A

the rate of transport is independent of the concentration of the molecule transported
*was thrown out on test

69
Q

This part of metabolism produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose used

A

The electron transport chain

70
Q

Compared to fermentation, the aerobic pathways of glucose metabolism produce:

A

more ATP

71
Q

What part of the phospholipid bilayer blocks the simple diffusion of glucose across membranes

A

lipid

72
Q

Many membrane spanning proteins include portions that extend both outside and inside the cell; the amino acid side chains (R groups) in the middle of the membrane are most likely going to be

A

hydrophobic

73
Q

In both plants and animals the energy transfers accompanying the movement of hydrogen ions down the hydrogen-ion gradient are most closely linked to

A

ATP- synthase

74
Q

When a mouse cell and a human cell are fused together in an experiment, the membrane proteins of the two cells become uniformly distributed over the surface of the hybrid cell. This occurs because:

A

many proteins can move around within the bilayer

75
Q

a “double set” of membranes is a characteristic of the:

A

mitochondrion, chloroplast, nucleus

76
Q

The adjacent cells in a human’s heart are strongly held together by…

A

desmosomes

77
Q

Normal red blood cells placed in a hypertonic saline solution would

A

lose water and shrink

78
Q

what are ribosomes composed of

A

rRNA and proteins

79
Q

a diploid cell is a cell:

A

with pairs of each chromosome

80
Q

during the cell cycle, for most cells, most time is spent in

A

interphase

81
Q

during the cell cycle, for most cells, the chromosome condense and first appear as paired chromatids in

A

prophase

82
Q

stretched out in a linear fashion, the length of human DNA is about _____. a typical cell’s diameter is about ____.

A

2 meters; 10 micrometers

83
Q

in animals cells, separation of daughter cells is completed by the actions of the

A

contractile ring

84
Q

In a diploid organism with 23 pairs of chromosomes, there are ____ chromosomes in each gamete cell

A

23

85
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes introns and attaches together the exons

86
Q

The two anti-parallel strands of double-stranded DNA associate with each other because of

A

hydrogen bonds

87
Q

This compound is composed of amino acids that have been covalently bonded together

A

insulin

88
Q

Base-pairing between complementary bases is an essential feature of

A

DNA replication
Transcription
& Translation

89
Q

Choose the ingredient used in transcription but not in DNA replication

A

UTP (uracil)

90
Q

Identify the transcription factor that regulates certain patterns of gene expression

A

estrogen and its receptor

91
Q

In the life cycles of kangaroos and all other marsupials, diploidy is first seen at

A

fertilization

92
Q

Changes in covalent bonds during post-translation modification of newly synthesized proteins includes:

A

phosphorylation, proteolysis, glycosylation

93
Q

The elongation of a nucleotide sequence during DNA replication

A

occurs with ATP hydrolysis needed to drive covalent bonding

94
Q

With ____ of DNA polymerase activity, the replication of 4.6 million base pairs of DNA in E. Coli is complete in ______

A

10,000 points; 40 minutes

95
Q

Choose the reproductive modality with the longest evolutionary record of success

A

binary fission

96
Q

Okazaki fragments are needed during

A

DNA production on only the lagging strand

97
Q

A double-stranded DNA molecule with 35% thymine, must contain ___% guanine

A

15

98
Q

Based on a template strand of DNA that has 35% adenine, the RNA transcript must contain

A

35% uracil

99
Q

Choose the strand that is complementary to this DNA sequence 5’ -ATTCCG- 3’

A

5’ -CGGAAT- 3’

100
Q

Choose the best molecular model describing the structure of the DNA molecule in prokaryotes

A

helical, double stranded, and anti-parallel

101
Q

RNA polymerase is a

A

protein

102
Q

In eukaryotes, exons are:

A

spliced together from the original transcript

103
Q

in prokaryotes, the ribosomes are the

A

site of translation

104
Q

An mRNA molecule with 360 codons has ___nucleotides

A

1,080

105
Q

Modification of chromatin is responsible for

A

chemical modification of histones
epigenetic changes in gene expression
&differential access of RNA-polymerase to genes

106
Q

A “calico cat” is most likely ___ and the varied color pattern arises from ____.

A

a female; random X-inactivation

107
Q

“start” and “stop” codons ____ on the protein

A

differ in that only “start” codons determine an amino acid

108
Q

In a vertebrate, the amount of production of beta-globin varies tremendously among different cell types. This is because:

A

different cell types have different transcription factors

109
Q

A major biological advantage of binary fission over sexual reproduction is that binary fission

A

more quickly makes “clones” when conditions are good for growth

110
Q

DNA molecules placed in a ge where an electrical gradient is applied will

A

move toward the region of positive charge

111
Q

A transcription factor is _____ that alters transcription by binding to_____

A

a protein; the promoter

112
Q

Choose the codon that will bind the anticodon 3’-AUC-5’

A

5’-UAG-3’

113
Q

The one-gene = one protein idea grew from this scientist’s research on alkaptonuria, a congenital disease

A

Sir archibald Garrod

114
Q

Choose the type of molecule that is needed to transfer information from mRNA

A

tRNA

115
Q

Choose the protein that is cut from a larger protein before becoming a signal

A

insulin

116
Q

When glucose and lactose are both abundant, is it likely that E. Coli will express genes to metabolize lactose?

A

No, because lactose is broken down into glucose, which is already abundant

117
Q

In eukaryotes, a promoter is the region of the

A

DNA that binds RNA polymerase

118
Q

In a fly, the transcription rates of a gene that codes for an enzyme vary tremendously among different cell types. The most likely reason for these differences is that different cell types have different

A

transcription factors present

119
Q

The coordinated multi-protein response of plants to drought stress is an example of ___ in operation

A

coordinated gene expression

120
Q

A bacterial gene (gene M) ordinarily makes a protein that binds to DNA, but a mutation of gene M leads to an increase in the expression of gene Q. We can conclude that:

A

gene M is a negative regulator of gene Q

Biology 111 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions