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Pediatric/Neonatal Respiratory Care > Test 1- Ch.2 Assessment of Fetal Growth > Flashcards

Test 1- Ch.2 Assessment of Fetal Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Uses high-frequency sound waves to locate and visualize organs and tissues

A

Ultrasonography

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2
Q

What are some uses of ultrasonography? (8)

A
  • Identification of pregnancy
  • Identification of multiple fetuses
  • Detection of fetal anomalies
  • Detection of placenta previa
  • Determination of fetal position/ death
  • Examination of fetal HR and respiratory effort
  • Detection of miscarriages or ectopic pregnancies
  • Observance of polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios
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3
Q

This device is used to measure relative blood flow through the umbilical, placental, and fetal vessels in the umbilical cord of term infants

A

Doppler velocimetry

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4
Q

The benefits of Doppler may be evident in predicting some

A

perinatal problems in high-risk pregnancies

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5
Q

What is considered the “Gold standard” for determining fetal development?

A

Amniocentesis

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6
Q

L/S ratio normal value is

A

2:1

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7
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the main serum in the developing fetus and is used to check the baby’s risks of

A

birth defects and genetic disorders, such as neural tube defects or Down syndrome

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8
Q

Increases in Bilirubin levels are proportional to the degree of

A

Hemolysis (blood loss)

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9
Q

Creatine levels are used to help determine

A

fetal kidney maturity

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10
Q

Amniocentesis can also be helpful to detect the presence of what In the amniotic fluid?

A

meconium

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11
Q

Mothers who are Rh negative should have a

A

RhoGAM shot during their pregnancy

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12
Q

T or F
RhoGAM is effective in preventing Rh isoimmunization, a reaction that can cause harm to an unborn baby.

A

True

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13
Q

The RhoGAM shot contains

A

antibodies (collected from plasma donors)

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14
Q

RhoGAM shot protects baby’s RBC from attack if blood comes into contact w/ the

A

mom’s blood during labor and delivery

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15
Q

Only ___% of the worlds population is Rh negative

A

15%

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16
Q

How is fetal HR monitored? (4)

A
  • Auscultation
  • External abdominal transducer
  • Electrodes on the abdomen to pick up the electrical activity
  • fetal scalp electrode
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17
Q

Uterine contractions can be monitored by one of two devices

A
  • Tocodynamomter
  • Intrauterine pressure catheter
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18
Q

Tocodynamometer is strapped to the mother’s

A

abdomen at the level of the uterine fundus

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19
Q

Intrauterine pressure catheter is inserted into the

A

uterus through the cervix following the rupture of amniotic fluid

(mainly used in prolonged and difficult labors)

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20
Q

The normal baseline HR will range between

A

120 and 160

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21
Q

What is the average HR for term babies?

A

160 bpm

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22
Q

What is the average HR for preemies?

A

140 bpm

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23
Q

Variability of the heart beat is described as a healthy, awake fetus who has a constantly changing HR, usually between ___ to ___ bpm

A

5 to 10

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24
Q

A baseline HR of less than _____ bpm or a maintained drop of ___ bpm from the previous baseline rate is considered _______________

A

100;
20;
BRADYCARDIA

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25
What is the most dangerous cause of fetal bradycardia?
Asphyxia
26
What can be given to the mother and may reduce the severity of asphyxia in the fetus?
oxygen
27
When the baseline HR is **consistently** above 180 bpm, it is considered as?
Tachycardia
28
The most common cause of fetal tachycardia?
Maternal fever
29
If FHR **exceeds** 160 bpm for less than 2minutes, it is called
accelerations
30
If FHR **drops** below 120 bpm for less than 2 minutes it is called
deceleration
31
The assessment of _______ _______ ___ is used as a secondary tool in the determination of fetal well being
fetal scalp pH
32
If fetal blood flow is impaired it can be detected through a
drop in pH
33
What is the name of the most common method of determining EDC
Nägele's Rule
34
How do you determine EDC?
3 months are subtracted from the first day of the last menstrual period. 7 days are then added to the result
35
Example for calculating EDC
Last day of period was March 25, subtract 3 months it would be December 25, the add 7 days will be Jan 1st
36
The ________ of the uterus, which is the end opposite the cervix, can be measured on the _____________ wall as it grows with the fetus
fundus; abdominal
37
Fundal height is very reliable during what trimester?
first and second
38
How do you determine the fundal height?
A tape measure is placed on the abdomen and the distance from the symphysis pubis to the top of the fundus is measured
39
Describe Quickening
The first sensation of fetal movement experienced by the mother
40
When does quickening generally occurs?
16 and 22 weeks
41
When can the fetal heartbeat be heard?(range)
Between 16 and 20 weeks
42
With the use of Doppler devices, the heartbeat can be detected as early as...
8 weeks
43
The Contraction Stress Test (CST) is used to
determine the presence of uteroplacental insufficiency by subjecting the fetus to stress
44
What is a positive CST defined as?
More of 50% of contractions having late FHR decelerations
45
A negative CST is defined as
no decelerations are seen after any contraction
46
The Nonstress Test (NST) is the response to
fetal movement, which is then observed
47
A healthy fetus will have in increase of a
15 beat over baseline that lasts at least 15 seconds
48
A normal reactive pattern shows at least
2 accelerations in conjunction with fetal move over a 20-minute window
49
T or F Monitoring of fetal movement is probably the easiest means of fetal assessment
True
50
Ways fetal movement can be monitored (2)
- mother's notation of fetal movement - observation w/ ultrasound
51
The **Biophysical Profile (BPP)** proposed in 1980, uses information gained by 5 separate test. What are those tests? (5)
- Fetal breathing - Fetal movement - Fetal limb tone - the NST - Amniotic Fluid Volume
52
What is **Meconium**
The thick (tar-like), darg greenish stool found in the fetal intestine
53
Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid may result from a
fetal asphyxia episode
54
How is the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid determined? (3)
- Amniocentesis - Amnioscopy - Visualized when the sac ruptures
55
Chorionic Villus Sampling is the process of
removing a small sample from the chorionic villus of the placenta
56
What is Cordocentensis
The in utero sampling of fetal umbilical cord blood
57
High-risk pregnancy indicating factors (6)
- Socioeconomic Factors - Demographic Factors - Medical Factors - Maternal Medical History - Current Obstetric Status - Habits
58
Socioeconomic Factors (5)
- Low-income and poor housing - Severe social problems - Unwed status, especially adolescent - Minority status - Poor nutritional status
59
Demographic Factors (4)
- Maternal age under 16 - Obese or underweight before pregnancy - Height less than 5 feet - Familial history or in herited disorders
60
Medical Factors 1. **Obstetric history**
- History of infertility - History of ectopic pregnancy - History of miscarriage - Previous multiple gestations - Previous stillbirth/ neonate death - Uterine/cervical abnormality - High parity (many pregnancies) - History of preterm labor/delivery - History of prolong labor - Previous c-section - History of low-birth-weight infant - Previous delivery w/ mid forceps - History of infant malformation, birth injury, or neurological deficit - History of hydatidiform mole carcinoma
61
Medical Factors 2. **Maternal medical history**
- Maternal cardiac disease - Maternal pulmonary disease - Maternal diabetes or thyroid disease - History of chronic renal disease - Maternal gastrointestinal disease - Maternal endocrine disorders - History of hypertension - History of seizure disorder - History of venereal and other infectious disease - Weight loss greater than 5 pounds - Surgery during pregancy - Major anomalies of the reproductive tract - History of mental retardation and emotional disorders
62
Medical Factors 3. **Current obstetric status**
- Absence of prenatal care - Rh sensitization - Excessively large or small fetus - Premature labor - Preeclampsia - Multiple gestations - Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios - Premature rupture of the membranes - Vaginal bleeding - Placenta previa - Abruptio placentae - Abnormal presentation - Postmaturity - Abnormalities in tests for fetal well-being - Maternal anemia
63
Habits (3)
- Smoking - Regular alcohol - Drug use and abuse

Pediatric/Neonatal Respiratory Care (9 decks)

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