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Pediatric/Neonatal Respiratory Care > Test 1- Ch. 1 Embroyologic Development > Flashcards

Test 1- Ch. 1 Embroyologic Development Flashcards

1
Q

The union of the sperm cell and the mature ovum, occurs in the outer third of the fallopian tube is referred to as

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

In the first month alone the fetus grows in weight by nearly _______%

A

3000

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3
Q

The duration of human pregnancy is referred to as (4)

A
  • 40 weeks
  • 10 lunar months
  • 9 calendar months
  • 3 trimesters of 3 months each
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4
Q

Gestational age refers to the

A

time since conception

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5
Q

Development and growth are divided into three distant stages

A

something to know

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6
Q

The first stage is the period from…

A

conception to the completion of implantation or about 12 to 14 days

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7
Q

In the first stage the organism is called an

A

ovum

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8
Q

The first stage is considered the

A

rapid cell division (16-50 cells- blastocyst)

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9
Q

In the second stage the organism is called

A

embryo

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10
Q

The second stage occurs from the end of the ovum stage

A

!!

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11
Q

The embryo measures roughly

A

3 cm from the head to the rump or around 54 to 56 days

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12
Q

The embryonic disc includes 3 germ layers,what are they?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
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13
Q

Ectoderm is the

A

outer and thicker layer

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14
Q

Endoderm is the

A

innermost layer

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15
Q

Mesoderm is the

A

layer in between the other two layers

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16
Q

During the third stage the organism is called a

A

fetus

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17
Q

The period of development in the third stage is how many days?

A

210 to 214 days

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18
Q

The major organs have developed and now proceed to grow during this period (3rd stage)

A

!

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19
Q

After delivery development stages are identified as (3)

A
  • Neonate
  • Infant
  • Child
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20
Q

Neonate is from

A

birth to the 1st month

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21
Q

Infant is from

A

1st month to 1st year of life

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22
Q

Child is

A

above 1 year of age

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23
Q

The _____________ is the organ of respiration for the fetus and provides nutrients and oxygen and rids itself of CO2 and other wastes

A

Placenta

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24
Q

The ___________ ______ is the lifeline between the mother and fetus

A

Umbilical cord

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25
The umbilical cord consists 3 vessels (2 arteries, 1 large vein) surrounded by a tough gelatinous material called
Warton's jelly
26
Warton's jelly helps prevents
kinking or compression of the cord and occluding blood flow
27
This is the sac that surrounds the growing fetus and contains amniotic fluid
amnion
28
Fluid that fills this newly developed sac is called
amniotic fluid
29
Amniotic fluid.... (2)
- Temp control- insulates the baby keeps warm and maintains temp - Infection control- contains antibodies
30
The amount of amniotic fluid is greater at above how many weeks and averages around?
34 weeks and averages around 800mL
31
Functions of amniotic fluid (3):
- Protection from traumatic injury - Thermoregulation - Facilitation of fetal movement
32
The amniotic fluid should be what color?
clear or pink
33
If the fluid is brown, what does that indicate?
bowel movement in utero
34
What are the 5 pulmonary developmental stages?
- Embryonal - Pseudoglandular - Canalicular - Saccular - Alveolar
35
This stage covers the first 8 weeks of gestation
Embryonal
36
__________________ is the second stage and covers weeks ___ to ____
Pseudiglandular ; 8 to 16
37
Development of the anatomical structure happens in this stage
Embryonal
38
This stage is known as the third stage and covers weeks ___ through ____
Canalicular 17 through 26
39
Further development of the respiratory structures; epiglottis appears and the opening to the lower airway, happens in this stage
Pseudiglandular
40
Respiratory bronchioles multiply, lungs become vascularized, alveoli begins to develop/ What stage is is?
Canalicular (3rd stage)
41
The fourth stage is termed ____________ stage which covers the period from week _____ through ____; however terminal airway does not contain true ________
Saccular; 27 through 36; alveoli
42
What is fully formed by the 24 to 26-week mark?
lungs
43
What develops in the Saccular stage?
surfactant
44
This stage covers 32 weeks and above
Alveolar (5th stage)
45
What is present between weeks 32 to 34 weeks?
True alveoli
46
________ surfactant is present in what stage?
mature ; alveolar
47
Surface molecules are pulled inward and together, allows surface to shrink, and occurs in alveoli. This describes?
Surface tension
48
Describe Laplace's law
As the radius of the alveoli decreases, the surface tension increases (ex: ballon)
49
What is surfactant?
The substance found on the alveolar wall that lowers surface tension
50
Surfcant is composed of
phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins
51
Surfactant (3)
- Acts as a lubricant - Reduces muscular effort needed to reopen the alveoli - Works in tandem w/ the change in size of the alveoli
52
Measurement of fetal surfactant and determination of lung maturity; measured in amniotic fluid is determined by the
L/S ratio
53
The fetal lungs are considered mature when the L/S ratio reaches
2:1 around 35 weeks of gestation
54
What should you do if L/S ratio less than 2:1?
Give steroids. 2 doses within 36 hours prior to birth
55
The fetal lung ____________ and __________ it’s own ________.
Produces; secretes; fluid
56
Fetal lung fluid has: (4)
- low pH - low protein - low bicarb - higher concentration of sodium and chloride
57
One of the earliest functions of the lung fluid is to...
maintain the patency of the developing airways
58
During natural delivery an infant expels how much of fetal lung fluid? (Fraction)
> 2/3
59
When does fluid retention often occur?
In babies delivered via C-section
60
Neonates who fail to remove the lung fluid adequately are prone to a syndrome known as
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) or Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS type 2)
61
_________________ is too little amniotic fluid. When this occurs babies have an ___% chance of survival
Oligohydramnios; 85%
62
What are the possible complications with Oligohydramnios? (2)
- Preterm baby - Miscarriage
63
What is called when there is to much amniotic fluid?
Polyhydramnios
64
What are the possible complications of Polyhydramnios? (3)
- Ruptured membrane, leading to an increase in infection - Precipitous delivery - Cord complications: true knot, tight nuchal cord prolapse
65
What is the first major organ to develop?
Heart
66
When is the heart fully formed?
By the 8th week of gestation
67
There is no exchange of maternal and fetal blood (pg.22)
something to know
68
Fetal circulation refers to the unique system of ________ and ___________ that are found in the fetal circulatory system.
shunts and pressures
69
T or F. In the fetal circulation pressures are reverse of those in adults
True
70
Pressures in the right is
higher than pressures in the left
71
During fetal circulation systemic BP is much
lower than BP in adult circulation
72
What happens after birth when the cord is clamped?
Systemic BP rises
73
If the Ductus Arteriosus does not close within…
96 hours, then surgery is needed
74
_______________ are known as stretch receptors that stimulate _______________ and ______________
Baroreceptors; bradycardia and hypotension
75
Baroreceptors are located in the
bifurcation of the carotid arteries and the aortic arch
76
These are sensitive to PaO2, PaCO2, and pH, and play a role in regulation of ventilation
Chemoreceptors
77
Chemoreceptors are located where?
In the carotid arteries and aorta and are called carotid and aortic bodies

Pediatric/Neonatal Respiratory Care (9 decks)

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