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Pediatric/Neonatal Respiratory Care > Test 1- Ch. 1 Embroyologic Development > Flashcards

Test 1- Ch. 1 Embroyologic Development Flashcards

1
Q

The union of the sperm cell and the mature ovum, occurs in the outer third of the fallopian tube is referred to as

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

In the first month alone the fetus grows in weight by nearly _______%

A

3000

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3
Q

The duration of human pregnancy is referred to as (4)

A
  • 40 weeks
  • 10 lunar months
  • 9 calendar months
  • 3 trimesters of 3 months each
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4
Q

Gestational age refers to the

A

time since conception

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5
Q

Development and growth are divided into three distant stages

A

something to know

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6
Q

The first stage is the period from…

A

conception to the completion of implantation or about 12 to 14 days

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7
Q

In the first stage the organism is called an

A

ovum

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8
Q

The first stage is considered the

A

rapid cell division (16-50 cells- blastocyst)

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9
Q

In the second stage the organism is called

A

embryo

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10
Q

The second stage occurs from the end of the ovum stage

A

!!

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11
Q

The embryo measures roughly

A

3 cm from the head to the rump or around 54 to 56 days

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12
Q

The embryonic disc includes 3 germ layers,what are they?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
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13
Q

Ectoderm is the

A

outer and thicker layer

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14
Q

Endoderm is the

A

innermost layer

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15
Q

Mesoderm is the

A

layer in between the other two layers

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16
Q

During the third stage the organism is called a

A

fetus

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17
Q

The period of development in the third stage is how many days?

A

210 to 214 days

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18
Q

The major organs have developed and now proceed to grow during this period (3rd stage)

A

!

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19
Q

After delivery development stages are identified as (3)

A
  • Neonate
  • Infant
  • Child
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20
Q

Neonate is from

A

birth to the 1st month

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21
Q

Infant is from

A

1st month to 1st year of life

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22
Q

Child is

A

above 1 year of age

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23
Q

The _____________ is the organ of respiration for the fetus and provides nutrients and oxygen and rids itself of CO2 and other wastes

A

Placenta

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24
Q

The ___________ ______ is the lifeline between the mother and fetus

A

Umbilical cord

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25
Q

The umbilical cord consists 3 vessels (2 arteries, 1 large vein) surrounded by a tough gelatinous material called

A

Warton’s jelly

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26
Q

Warton’s jelly helps prevents

A

kinking or compression of the cord and occluding blood flow

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27
Q

This is the sac that surrounds the growing fetus and contains amniotic fluid

A

amnion

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28
Q

Fluid that fills this newly developed sac is called

A

amniotic fluid

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29
Q

Amniotic fluid…. (2)

A
  • Temp control- insulates the baby keeps warm and maintains temp
  • Infection control- contains antibodies
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30
Q

The amount of amniotic fluid is greater at above how many weeks and averages around?

A

34 weeks and averages around 800mL

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31
Q

Functions of amniotic fluid (3):

A
  • Protection from traumatic injury
  • Thermoregulation
  • Facilitation of fetal movement
32
Q

The amniotic fluid should be what color?

A

clear or pink

33
Q

If the fluid is brown, what does that indicate?

A

bowel movement in utero

34
Q

What are the 5 pulmonary developmental stages?

A
  • Embryonal
  • Pseudoglandular
  • Canalicular
  • Saccular
  • Alveolar
35
Q

This stage covers the first 8 weeks of gestation

A

Embryonal

36
Q

__________________ is the second stage and covers weeks ___ to ____

A

Pseudiglandular ;
8 to 16

37
Q

Development of the anatomical structure happens in this stage

A

Embryonal

38
Q

This stage is known as the third stage and covers weeks ___ through ____

A

Canalicular
17 through 26

39
Q

Further development of the respiratory structures; epiglottis appears and the opening to the lower airway, happens in this stage

A

Pseudiglandular

40
Q

Respiratory bronchioles multiply, lungs become vascularized, alveoli begins to develop/ What stage is is?

A

Canalicular (3rd stage)

41
Q

The fourth stage is termed ____________ stage which covers the period from week _____ through ____; however terminal airway does not contain true ________

A

Saccular;
27 through 36;
alveoli

42
Q

What is fully formed by the 24 to 26-week mark?

A

lungs

43
Q

What develops in the Saccular stage?

A

surfactant

44
Q

This stage covers 32 weeks and above

A

Alveolar (5th stage)

45
Q

What is present between weeks 32 to 34 weeks?

A

True alveoli

46
Q

________ surfactant is present in what stage?

A

mature ;
alveolar

47
Q

Surface molecules are pulled inward and together, allows surface to shrink, and occurs in alveoli. This describes?

A

Surface tension

48
Q

Describe Laplace’s law

A

As the radius of the alveoli decreases, the surface tension increases
(ex: ballon)

49
Q

What is surfactant?

A

The substance found on the alveolar wall that lowers surface tension

50
Q

Surfcant is composed of

A

phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins

51
Q

Surfactant (3)

A
  • Acts as a lubricant
  • Reduces muscular effort needed to reopen the alveoli
  • Works in tandem w/ the change in size of the alveoli
52
Q

Measurement of fetal surfactant and determination of lung maturity; measured in amniotic fluid is determined by the

A

L/S ratio

53
Q

The fetal lungs are considered mature when the L/S ratio reaches

A

2:1 around 35 weeks of gestation

54
Q

What should you do if L/S ratio less than 2:1?

A

Give steroids. 2 doses within 36 hours prior to birth

55
Q

The fetal lung ____________ and __________ it’s own ________.

A

Produces;
secretes;
fluid

56
Q

Fetal lung fluid has: (4)

A
  • low pH
  • low protein
  • low bicarb
  • higher concentration of sodium and chloride
57
Q

One of the earliest functions of the lung fluid is to…

A

maintain the patency of the developing airways

58
Q

During natural delivery an infant expels how much of fetal lung fluid? (Fraction)

A

> 2/3

59
Q

When does fluid retention often occur?

A

In babies delivered via C-section

60
Q

Neonates who fail to remove the lung fluid adequately are prone to a syndrome known as

A

Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) or
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS type 2)

61
Q

_________________ is too little amniotic fluid. When this occurs babies have an ___% chance of survival

A

Oligohydramnios;
85%

62
Q

What are the possible complications with Oligohydramnios? (2)

A
  • Preterm baby
  • Miscarriage
63
Q

What is called when there is to much amniotic fluid?

A

Polyhydramnios

64
Q

What are the possible complications of Polyhydramnios? (3)

A
  • Ruptured membrane, leading to an increase in infection
  • Precipitous delivery
  • Cord complications: true knot, tight nuchal cord prolapse
65
Q

What is the first major organ to develop?

A

Heart

66
Q

When is the heart fully formed?

A

By the 8th week of gestation

67
Q

There is no exchange of maternal and fetal blood (pg.22)

A

something to know

68
Q

Fetal circulation refers to the unique system of ________ and ___________ that are found in the fetal circulatory system.

A

shunts and pressures

69
Q

T or F.
In the fetal circulation pressures are reverse of those in adults

A

True

70
Q

Pressures in the right is

A

higher than pressures in the left

71
Q

During fetal circulation systemic BP is much

A

lower than BP in adult circulation

72
Q

What happens after birth when the cord is clamped?

A

Systemic BP rises

73
Q

If the Ductus Arteriosus does not close within…

A

96 hours, then surgery is needed

74
Q

_______________ are known as stretch receptors that stimulate _______________ and ______________

A

Baroreceptors;
bradycardia and hypotension

75
Q

Baroreceptors are located in the

A

bifurcation of the carotid arteries and the aortic arch

76
Q

These are sensitive to PaO2, PaCO2, and pH, and play a role in regulation of ventilation

A

Chemoreceptors

77
Q

Chemoreceptors are located where?

A

In the carotid arteries and aorta and are called carotid and aortic bodies

Pediatric/Neonatal Respiratory Care (9 decks)

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