test 1 ch 3 Flashcards
vertebrate nervous system
central + peripheral NS
central nervous system
brain + spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
somatic + autonomic nervous system
group of neurons
ganglion
proximal
closer to center
medial
midline
ipsilateral
same side
ventral
toward stomach
dorsal
back, away from ventral side
posterior
toward rear end
lateral
toward side
coronal plane
shows brain structures as seen from front
tract
set of axons within CNS
gyrus
protuberance on surface of brain
sulcus
fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another
part of the cns found within spinal column
communicates with sense organs and muscle below head
spinal cord
dorsal roots enter spinal cord carrying info from sensory organs; ventral roots exit spinal cord carrying motor info to muscle and glands
bell-magendie law
clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies located outside spinal cord
dorsal root gnglia
in the peripheral of spinal cord, comprising mainly of myelinated axons
white matter
autonomic nervous system
composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
sympathetic NS
fight or flight; increasing heart rate, release norepinephrine
parasympathetic NS
relaxation system; release acetylcholine
posterior part of brain consist of medulla, pons, and cerebellum
hindbrain
medulla, pons, midbrain, and certain central structures of forebrain
brainstem
controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing, and other vital reflexes through cranial nerves
medulla
set of twelve nerves that control sensory and motor info to head
cranial nerves
allows axons cross from on side of brain to other
pons “bridge”
organizes sensory info which guides movement
cerebellum
compoposed of superior colliculus and inferior colliculus; involved in pathways for sensory info
tectum
includes III and IV cranial nerve nuclei, part of reticular formation and many important tathways
tegmentum
comtains dopamine neurons
substantia nigra
comprised of olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cinhulate gyrus; involved in motivational and emotional behavior
limbic system
provide main source of info to cerebral cortex
thalamus
small structure containing many distinct nuclei; send messages to pituitary gland altering release of hormone; motivated behavior, emotins, drives, and aggression
hypothalamus
endocrine gland attached to base of hypothalamus
pituitay gland
include caudate, putamen, and hlobus pallidus (parkinsons and huntingtons)
planning of mootor movement, and aspects of memory and emotional expression
basal ganglia
structure in dorsal surface of forebrain including nucleus basalis (arousal, wakefulness, and attention) sends axons that release acetylcholine
basal forebrain
large structure between thalamus and cerebral cortex; new memory storage
hippocampus
fornix
major axon tract that links hippocampus with hypothalamus and other structures
four fluid filled cavities within brain
ventricles
fluid filled channel in center of spinal cord
central canal
clear fluid formed by choroid plexus
cerebrospinal fluid
thin membranes which surround brin and spinal cord
meninges
inflammation of menings; migraine headaches
meningitis
corpus callosum and anterior commissure
bundles of axons that allow two brain hemispheres to communicate with one another; for courdination
laminae
layers of cell bodies which lie parallel to surface of corte and separated from each other by layers of fivers (cerebral cortex contains up to six)
posterior portion of cerebral cortex; visual pathway system
occipital lobe
lies between occipital lobe and central sulcus
touch sensations; muscle stretch receptors and joint receptors
processing integrating info about eye head and body positions
parietal lobe
near temples, auditory info; left side comprehension of spoken language and aspects of vision
temporal lobe
kluver-bucy syndrome
temporal lobe damage; fail to show normal fear and anxiety
primary motor cortex and frefrontal cortex
frontal lobe
precentral gyrus
fine motor
prefrontal cortex
receives all sensory info; abstract thinking and planning ability
technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by shining laser within brain
optogenetics
