Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOB 160 > Test 1 (also) > Flashcards

Test 1 (also) Flashcards

1
Q

Important Functional Groups

A 
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Macromolecules

A

most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three of the classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers

A

carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synthesis of polymers

A

monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called deyhdration reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dehydration

A

removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaks down/disassembles polymers

adds a water, breaks a bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carbohydates

A

serve as a fuel and building material
(CH20)n
Include both sugars and their polymers
Can be monosaccharides or polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Monosaccharides (structure)

A

may be linear
in solution they form rings
chem equilibrium b/w linear and ring greatly favors rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cellulose

A

Major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
Has more hydrogen bonds than starch
Unbranched beta glucose polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lipids

A 
Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Are the one class of large biological molecules that do not consist of polymers in a strict sense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fats

A

Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids
Major function is energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Whats type of bond is between glycerol and a fatty acid?

A

Ester linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why don’t we use starch like plants?

A
  • A gram of fat stores ~9 cal while a gram of carbs stores ~4
  • plants can afford to have inefficient fuel because they don’t move
  • fats cushion vital organs (ex. kidneys)
  • subcutaneous fat insulates the body (ex. whales and seals)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

hydrophilic “head” and hydrophobic “tails”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Steroids

A

characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid
Found in cell membranes
Precursor for some hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Proteins (role)

A

Have many structures resulting in a wide range of functions

  • Enzymes
  • Structural
  • Transport
  • Hormones
  • Receptors
  • Motor proteins
  • Defense proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Polypeptides

A

polymers of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Amino acids

A
  • organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups
  • differ in their properties due to differing side chains (R groups)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Protein (consists of)

A

one or more polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Link between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Primary structure (protein)

A

determined by peptide bonds

unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Secondary structure (protein)

A

exists because of hydrogen bonds
the folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration
includes alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tertiary structure (proteins)

A

can be predicted
is the overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide **driven by hydrophoic interactions **
results from interactions b/w amino groups and R groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Quaternary structure

A

not all proteins have this structure

overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nucleic Acids (role)

A

store and transmit hereditary information
genes
-are the units of inheritance
-program the amino acid sequence of polypeptides
-are made of nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

RNA (types)

A

Coding- carries the information from DNA for synthesis of specific proteins
Non-coding- rRNA, tRNA
Catalytic- self-splicing introns, ribozymes, rRNA in ribosomes
Other roles-Metabolite sensing, attenuation of translation, RNA interference (RNAi)

30
Q

Nucleic Acids (structure)

A

Exist as polymers called polynucleotides

31
Q

Nucleotide

A

Each polynucleotide consists of monomers called nucleotides

  • phosphate group
  • nucleoside (nitrogenous base and pentose sugar)
32
Q

DNA double helix

A
  • have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis
  • phosphates in double helix are charged, which makes them like polar solvents better
  • bases are hydrophobic, which forces them to be positioned on the inside
33
Q

DNA double helix complimentary strands

A

consists of two antiparallel nucleotide strands
5’ end and 3’ end
5’-GAATTC-3’ has another 5’-GAATTC-3’ complementary to it

34
Q

The 20 different amino acids in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because of different what?

A

side chains (R groups)

35
Q

Size of atomic nucleus (relative to shell)

A

much smaller

36
Q

How molecules can one water molecule form hydrogen bonds with?

A

4

37
Q

What is the bond holding DNA double helix strands together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

38
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Contain only single bonds between carbons. Carboxyl group on end

39
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Contain at least one double bond between carbons. Cannot be stacked, liquid at room temp. Carboxyl group on end

40
Q

Whats the difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA?

A

One less oxygen in DNA (DeOXYribonucleic acid)

41
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat?

A

Absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form

42
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror images of one another

43
Q

Which functional groups can act as acids?

A

Carboxyl and phosphate

44
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • Nitrogenous bases
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Thymine (T-in DNA)
  • Uracil (U-in RNA)
45
Q

Purines

A
  • Nitrogenous bases
  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
46
Q

Proteins may be related even when they share as low as ___ % sequence identity

A

5

47
Q

Sugar: Monomers, Polymer, Type of Linkage

A

Monosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycosidic linkages

48
Q

Lipids: Components, Large molecule, Type of Linkage

A

Fatty acids, Triacylglycerols, ester linkages

49
Q

Proteins: Monomers, Polymer, Type of Linkage

A

Amino acids, polypeptides, peptide bonds

50
Q

Nucleic Acids: Monomers, Polymer, Type of Linkage

A

Nucleotides, polynucleotides, phophodiester linkages

51
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A
  • Results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
  • This change is particularly disrupting to protein structure because of the nature of amino acids
  • Better protected against malaria
52
Q

What determines protein conformation?

A
  • Solvent, temperature and pH

- Interactions between amino acid side-chains

53
Q

Denaturation

A

When a protein unravels and loses its native conformation

54
Q

Renaturation

A

Takes a denatured protein and returns it to a normal protein

55
Q

Chaperonins

A

Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

56
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Have only two fatty acids linked to glycerol

- Have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid

57
Q

Enzymes

A

A type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions

58
Q

Amino acids linked by?

A

peptide bonds

59
Q

Glycosidic links are formed between carbon atom 1 and ??

A

Carbons 2, 4, or 6

60
Q

Disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

61
Q

Starch and Glycogen

A

both are storage polymers consisting entirely of alpha glucose monomers

62
Q

Starch

A

found mostly in plants (major storage form)

63
Q

Glycogen

A

mostly found in animal muscles and liver (major storage form of glucose in animals), more branched glucose monomers than starch

64
Q

Cellulose

A

unbranched polymer of beta glucose

has more hydrogen bonds than starch

65
Q

Chitin

A

important structural polysaccharide

- found in exoskeleton of anthropods

66
Q

Cohesion

A

Helps pull water up through microscopic vessels of plants

67
Q

Surface tension

A

related to cohesion

greater in water than most liquids

68
Q

Moderation of Temperature

A
  • water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler
  • has a high specific heat
69
Q

Why does water have high specific heat?

A
  • allows it to minimized temp fluctations to within limits that permit life (heat absorbed when H bonds break, released when H bonds form)
  • water changes temp less when absorbs or looses a give amt of heat
70
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

due to waters high heat of vaporization

-Allows water to cool a surface

71
Q

Solvent of Life

A
  • versatility due to polarity
  • can for aq solns
  • not a universal solvent (which is good!)

BIOB 160 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions