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BIOB 160 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA polymerase made of?

A

amino acids

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2
Q

Which end does DNA polymerase add new nucleotides to?

A

3’

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3
Q

Does DNA polymerase require a promoter for initiation?

A

no

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4
Q

How many chromosomes will a gamete have compared to a somatic cell?

A

1/2

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5
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

sex cell

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6
Q

Genes are likely important for how many steps in a pathway?

A

1 gene for each step

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7
Q

What is RNA polymerase made of?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

What is DNA ligase made of?

A

amino acids

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9
Q

What are restriction enzymes made of?

A

amino acids

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10
Q

Some properties of ribosomes

A
  • site for protein synthesis
  • site for translation of an mRNA molecule
  • NOT made of DNA
  • typically found outside nucleus
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11
Q

A mutation occurred that caused a specific gene to be transcribed at a faster rate than is normal. The mutation is likely to have occurred in a ____

A

enchancer

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12
Q

RNA processing includes

A
  • addition of a poly-A tail
  • addition of a 5’ cap
  • removal of introns
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13
Q

What physical interactions are important in gene expression (translation and transcription)?

A

mRNA:ribosome
RNA polymerase:promoter
enhancer: transcription factor (activator)
tRNA: amino acid

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14
Q

What are violations to the Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium?

A 
mutations
non-random mating
natural selection
migration
genetic drift
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15
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

cell suicide

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16
Q

What is epistasis?

A

The alleles at one locus determine the effect of alleles at a different locus

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17
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

bottlenecking event

occurs when a small pop size exists for a short time (a few generations) which leads to allele frequency change

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18
Q

What are the three thing our body naturally does to protect against cancer

A

DNA Repair
Apoptosis
Telomers shorten with each cell division until they can no longer divide

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19
Q

What kind of mutations change expression of a gene?

A

promoter or enhancer mutations

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20
Q

What doe viruses consist of?

A

capsid (coat protein)
glycoprotein
nucleic acid (DNAor RNA)

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21
Q

What do transcription factors (activators) do?

A

Allows for cordinated control of genes that all need to be on the same tissue
Controls enhancers

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22
Q

What are the steps of making a protein and which occur in the nuclueus?

A 
DNA > unpackaging > transcription 
pre-MRNA >processing
mRNA > transport
(All above in nucleus)
> translation
Degredation and proteins> folding> transport
Degreatoin and proteins
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23
Q

Somatic vs. Germline mutations

A

Somatic- aging/cancer

Germline- passed to progeny

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24
Q

What are okazaki fragments?

A

primers are added to 5’ template (lagging strand)

now DNA polymerase can add short sections (on 3’ end)

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25
Q

What are the finishing touches of DNA replication?

A

RNA primer replaced by DNA (DNA polymerase)

Okazaki fragments joined (DNA ligase)

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26
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

sugar
phosphate
base

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27
Q

What happens in metaphase I vs. metaphase II?

A

Metaphase I- homologous chromosome pairs separate

Metaphase II- sister chromatids separate (like mitosis)

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28
Q

Meiosis begins with and ends with? (in terms of ns)

A

2n=4 (2 pairs homologous chromosomes, diploid)

n=2 (each gamete has 2 chromatids, haploid w/ unreplicated chromosomes)

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29
Q

Important properties of water

A

cohesion (transport in plants and high surface tension)
moderation of temp (humidity regulates temp)
insulation of bodies of water by floating ice (less dense than water 4degrees C)
solvent of life (versitile solvent)

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30
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars and their polymers
monosaccharides and polysaccharides
gycosidic linkages

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31
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars used for fuel

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32
Q

disaccharides

A

most common sugar used as food

joined by gylcosidic linkages

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33
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • storage and structure
  • starch and glycogen (storage in plants and animals)
  • cellulose (structure in plants)
  • chitin (structure, exoskeletons)
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34
Q

Lipids

A

-do not have polymers
(composed of fatty acids and triacylglycerols)
-hydrophobic
-ester linkages

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35
Q

Fats

A

composed of a single gylcerol and 3 fatty acids

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36
Q

phospholipids

A

composed of a single glycerol and 2 fatty acids. phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid

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37
Q

proteins roles

A

enzymes, structural, transport, hormones, receptors, motor proteins, defense proteins

38
Q

polypeptides

A

polymers of amino acids

39
Q

protein

A

monomer: amino acids
polymer: polypeptides
peptide bond linkage

40
Q

amino acids

A

both carboxyl and amino group

41
Q

Nucleic acids

A

monomer:nucleotides
polymer:polynucleotides
phosphodiester linkages

42
Q

What are life’s 3 Domains?

A

Bacteria-most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
Archaea- prokaryotes- earth’s extreme environments
Eukarya-protists, plantae, fungi, animalia

43
Q

catabolic pathways

A

breakdown complex molecules into simpler compounds

release energy

44
Q

anabolic pathways

A

build complicated molecules from simpler ones

consume energy

45
Q

1st law of thermo

A

energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created nor destroyed

46
Q

2nd law of thermo

A

spontaneous changes that do NOT require outside energy increases the entropy or disorder, of the universe

47
Q

exergonic reactions in metabolism

A

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

48
Q

endergonic reactions in metabolism

A

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is not spontaneous

49
Q

what kinds of work does a cell do?

A

mechanical
transport
chemical

50
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

  • cell’s energy shuttle
  • provides energy for cellular functions
  • composed of 3 phosphate groups, ribose and adenine
51
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

Terminal phosphate bond is broken.

  • requires water
  • results in adenosine diphophate (ADP), and inorganic phosphate and water
52
Q

What is an activation barrier? Enzymes function?

A

The initial amt of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
-Catalyze reactions by lowering this barrier

53
Q

What is an active site?

A

The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

54
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the reactant an enzyme acts on

55
Q

Fermentation

A

The partial degredation of sugars w/o oxygen

56
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway

  • consumes oxygen and glucose
  • yields ATP
57
Q

oxidation

A

a substance loses e- or is oxidized (substrate gets more +)

58
Q

reduction

A

a substane gains e- or is reduced (gets more -)

59
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative phosphoryaltion

60
Q

What is entropy?

A

disorder

61
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

splitting of sugar

  • breaks down glucose into pyruvate
  • occurs in cytoplasm
  • ATP produced by substrate level-phosphorylation
62
Q

What does the citric acid cycle do?

A

completes the breakdown of glucose

  • takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion
  • ATP produced by substrate-level phosphoylation
63
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

driven by the e- transport chain and chemiosomosis

-produces majority of ATP( about 32-32 ATPs) (by oxidative phosphorylation)

64
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

the enzyme that actually makes ATP

65
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

66
Q

What percentaage of energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration?

A

40%

67
Q

ribosomes

A

particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein

-carry out protein synthesis

68
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
Smooth- lacks ribosome
Rough- contains ribosomes

69
Q

nucleus

A

instructions are housed in nucleus

70
Q

golgi apparatus

A

shipping and recieving center

71
Q

lysosome

A

digestive compartments

72
Q

vacuoles

A

diverse maintenence compartments

73
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

site of cellular respiration and photosyntheis

74
Q

chloroplasts

A

capture light energy

75
Q

Six major functions of membrane proteins

A 
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
attatchment to the cytoskeleton and ECM
76
Q

Passive transport

A

the diffusion of a substance across a membrane w/ no energy investment

77
Q

isotonic

A 
the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell
Plant cells (flaccid)
78
Q

hypertonic

A

the concentration of solutes in a solution is greater than it is inside the cell
cell will lose water
plant cells (plasmolyzed)

79
Q

hypotonic

A

The concentration of solutes in a solution is less than it is inside the cell
cell will gain water
plant cells (turgid=normal)

80
Q

Exocytosis

A

transport vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse w/ it and release their content

81
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane

82
Q

3 processes of cell signaling

A

reception
transduction
response

83
Q

Bonding two amino acids requires?

A

Removal of a water molecule

84
Q

What enzyme transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein?

A

protein kinase

85
Q

What type of signaling releases a signal molecule into the environment with a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding?

A

panacrine

86
Q

Buffers shift pH by?

A

donating H+ to a solution when they have been depleted and

accepting H+ when they are in excess

87
Q

Cholesterol’s role in plasma membrane in some animals

A

enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when the cell temp drops

88
Q

Plants convert energy from sun to

A

pe of chemical bonds

89
Q

structure of a secondary protein?

A

hydrogen bonds

90
Q

ions diffuse down

A

electrochemical gradients

91
Q

catabolic pahtways

A

are not spontaneous-need enzymic catalysts
break down complex molecules
are usually coupled w/ anabolic pathways to which they supply ATP
-exergonic

BIOB 160 (4 decks)

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