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OB/GYN > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the formula “G5P3114” mean?

A 
G: Gravidity (pregnancies)
5: Five pregnancies
P: Parity (delivery of baby @ term)
3: three full term babies delivered
1: # of preterm deliveries (<37wks)
1: # of abortions or miscarriage
4: # of living children
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2
Q

Delivery of a term baby (live or dead)

A

Parity

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3
Q

Number of Pregnancies

A

Gravidity

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4
Q

Pregnancy that terminates before the 20th wk of gestation, or when the fetus weighs <500gms

A

Abortion or Miscarriage

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5
Q

Woman that has never been pregnant

A

Nulligravida

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6
Q

Woman that has been pregnant once

A

Primigravida

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7
Q

Woman who has been pregnant more than once

A

Multigravida

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8
Q

Woman that was pregnant but did not deliver the baby

A

Nullipara

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9
Q

Woman had one delivery b/w the 20th & 37th wk of gestation, or the baby weighs more >500gms (alive or dead)

A

Primipara

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10
Q

Several deliveries

A

Multipara

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11
Q

Woman w/ more than 6 deliveries

A

Grand Multipara

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12
Q

Woman in labor

A

Parturient

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13
Q

Woman’s state 6 wks after delivery

A

Puerpera

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14
Q

Subcutaneous fat pad over the pubic symphysis

A

Mons pubis

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15
Q

Outside of the vulva. From the Mons pubis to the pos. peritoneum

A

Labia Majora

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16
Q

Inside the Labia Majora. Small cutaneous fold. Meets at the Fourchette posteriorly

A

Labia Minora

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17
Q

Vaginal Opening

A

Introitus

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18
Q

Covers the clitoris

A

Frenulum

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19
Q

Opening inside the labia minora

A

Vestibule

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20
Q

Inside the vestibule. In a V shape. On either side are 2 glands called the Skene’s glands. Similar to prostate in man. Used for lubrication

A

Urethral Opening

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21
Q

Thin membrane that breaks after 1st intercourse

A

Hymen

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22
Q

B/w the fourchette & the anus. Where all the tendons are attached. Usually torn in delivery

A

Perineal Body

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23
Q

From the vulva to the uterus. Located pos. to the bladder & ant. to the rectum. Lined w/ stratified squamous cells

A

Vagina

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24
Q

At the superior portion of the vagina

A

Fornix

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25
Q

Pouch located pos. to the vagina

A

Cul de sac of Douglas

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26
Q

Suspensory ligs. of the vagina

A

Levator Ani

Cardinal lig.

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27
Q

Folds on top of the bladder, weighs about 11oz, 3in high & 3 in wide & 1in thick

A

Uterus

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28
Q

What are 2 ligs that support the uterus?

A

Round lig

Broad lig

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29
Q

Portion of the uterus that is inside the vagina

A

Cervix

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30
Q

What are the layers of the uterus from outside to inside?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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31
Q

What are the 3 layers of the endometrium?

A 
Basal layer (attaches to myometrium)
Spongiosum layer (shed during menstration)
Compacta layer (shed during menstration)
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32
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteverted

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33
Q

What part of the fallopian tubes attaches to the uterus & is the narrowest portion?

A

Isthmus

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34
Q

What part of the fallopian tubes that is the widest & longest. Where fertilization usually happens

A

Ampulla

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35
Q

What part of the fallopian tubes that is funnel shaped

A

Infundibulum

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36
Q

What part of the fallopian tubes that is finger-like projections on the end of the infundibulum. Covered w/ ciliated columnar epithelial cells

A

Fimbria

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37
Q

Lig. from the bladd to the ant. wall of the uterus

A

Anterior lig. AKA vesicouterine lig.

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38
Q

Lig. from the rectum to the pos. wall of the uterus

A

Pos. lig AKA Rectouterine lig

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39
Q

Lig that sandwiches part of the fallopian tubes & ovaries. Also attached to the round lig.

A

Lat. lig. AKA Broad lig.

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40
Q

Lig. from the sacrum to the pos. wall of the uterus. Sacral subluxation can pull on uterus & twist it

A

Sacraluterine lig.

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41
Q

Lig from the fundus through the inguinal canal & then to the labia majora

A

Round lig.

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42
Q

Lig. that supports the upper portion of the vagina & the lat. portion of the pelvis

A

Cardinal lig. AKA Mackerrodt’s lig

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43
Q

Lig that attaches the ovaries to the uterus

A

Ovarian lig.

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44
Q

When is a pelvic exam done?

A

After 1st intercourse
After 18 yrs of age
If there are any symptoms/problems to indicate it

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45
Q

What are the 3 components of a pap smear?

A

Endocervical swab - spiral brush
Cervical scrape - Scrape cells from outside of cervix
Vaginal Pool - Get fluid & cells from pos fornix

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46
Q

During an internal vaginal (digital) exam, if the cervix is soft it could indicate what? if not movable?

A

May be pregnant; probably adhesions

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47
Q

During an internal vaginal (digital) exam, if the fundus is at the level of the umbilicus, but symmetrical & smooth & non-painful, it could indicate what?

A

Probably pregnant

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48
Q

Smallest portion of the glands of the breast

A

Lobules

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49
Q

Several lobules together

A

Lobe

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50
Q

These connect lobules to lobes

A

Sinus

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51
Q

These connect all the lobes together

A

Lactiferous ducts

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52
Q

Where do lactiferous ducts end?

A

At the nipple

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53
Q

This surrounds all the lobules & lobes

A

Fat

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54
Q

These ligs. support fat & lobules

A

Suspensory ligs. of Copper

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55
Q

This muscle serves as an attachment point for the pos. breast

A

Pec Major

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56
Q

This can happen as a result of fluctuations of hormones that influence the breast tissue

A

Benign breast changes

57
Q

Examples of benign breast changes?

A

Benign lumps
Tenderness
Nipple discharge

58
Q

This benign breast disease involves the glandular tissue & connective tissue. Common b/w 30-45. Has fibrosis/scar tissue forming, is painful & tender, present bilaterally. Assoc w/ menstrual cycle

A

Fibrocystic Breast Disease

59
Q

Benign breast disease that involves the glandular tissue & connective tissue. Common b/w teens & 20’s & black women. Is a single lump, not a cyst. Painless. Not assoc. w/ menstrual cycle

A

Fibroadenoma

60
Q

Small benign tumor that grows inside the breast duct (close to nipple), involves vascular tissue around the duct, more common w/ menopausal women, unilateral, bloody nipple discharge, painful

A

Intraductal papilloma

61
Q

Caused from trauma to fatty portion of the breast, forms a lump, tender, more common in obese women

A

Fat Necrosis

62
Q

Benign breast disease where the duct is abstructed, find under the nipple, usually in women in their 40-50’s, painful, swelling, dark green, sticky discharge

A

Mammary Duct Ectasia

63
Q

Benign breast disease common in women that are breast feeding. Milk is thicker than normal & clogs the duct. If cyst dealt w/ early, can turn into abcess & get infected

A

Galactocele

64
Q

Benign breast disease that occurs w/ women that are breast feeding. Infection M/C caused by staph. aureus. M/C in hospital when feeding child, gets crack/fissure in nipple, which then gets infected. Unilateral, painful, swollen

A

Pueroperal Mastitis

65
Q

Birth Control pills cause what type of nipple discharge?

A

Milky discharge

66
Q

Tranquilizers or sedative medication cause what type of nipple discharge?

A

Thin, green discharge

67
Q

2nd M/C cancer in women after lung cancer

A

Breast cancer

68
Q

75% of breast cancer occurs after what age?

A

50

69
Q

What two genes have been linked to breast cancer?

A

BRCA-1

BRCA-2

70
Q

What is the M/C type of breast cancer?

A

Ductal Carcinoma

71
Q

What are two types of ductal carcinoma?

A

In situ - stays in duct

Infiltrating - leaves duct, infiltrates in the area

72
Q

Type of breast cancer that makes up 10% of breast cancers

A

Lobular carcinoma

73
Q

What are S/S of breast cancer?

A 
Orange peel appearance
Skin contour altered
Nipple retraction
Prominate Venous Pattern
Unilateral problem
Edema
74
Q

What quadrant does breast cancer M/C affect?

A

Upper outer (nipple is second)

75
Q

In the TNM staging system, what does TNM stand for?

A

Tumor
Node (lymph node)
Metastasis

76
Q

Under the TNM staging system, what are the different classifications of T (tumor)?

A 
TX - can't be assessed
T0 - no evidence of primary tumor
Tis - carcinoma in situ
T1 - tumor is 2cm or less
T2 - tumor >2cm but 5cm
T4 - tumor has invaded chest wall or skin
77
Q

Under the TNM staging system, what are the different classifications of N (node)?

A 
NX - nearby nodes can't be assessed
N0 - no spread to nearby lymph nodes
N1 - has spread to 1-3 axillary nodes
N2 - has spread to 4-9 axillary nodes
N3 - has spread to 10 or more axillary nodes or other nodes are involved
78
Q

Under the TNM staging system, what are the different classifications of M (metastasis)?

A

MX - presence of distant spread can’t be assessed
M0 - no distant spread
M1 - spread to distant organs

79
Q

Non-invasive breast cancers are what stage?

A

Stage 0

80
Q

Invasive breast cancer up to 2cm in size w/ no lymph node involvement is what stage?

A

Stage I

81
Q

Invasive breast cancer where:

1) no tumor is found in the breast but cancer cells are found in axillary lymph nodes
2) A tumor 2cm or less spread to axillary lymph node
3) Larger than 2cm but less than 5cm but no axillary lymph node involvement

A

Stage IIA

82
Q

Invasive breast cancer that:

1) Larger than 2cm that includes axillary lymph node involvement
2) Large than 5cm but no axillary node involvement

A

Stage IIB

83
Q

Invasive breast cancer subcategory that has:

1) no breast tumor (diffuse), cancer in axillary lymph nodes or other thoracic structures
2) 5cm or less that is spread to axillary lymph nodes or other thoracic structures
3) >5cm spread to axillary node or other thoracic structures

A

Stage IIIA

84
Q

Invasive breast cancer subcategory that has:

1) Variable sized tumor w/ spread of cancer to chest wall or skin of breast
2) Axillary node involvement, may involve spread to other thoracic structures but not required

A

Stage IIIB

85
Q

Invasive breast cancer subcategory that has no sign sign of localized breast cancer or if localized to tumor can be any size, metastasized to skin of breast, chest wall & is spread to infra- or supra-clavicular lymph nodes as well in addition to axillary

A

Stage IIIC

86
Q

Invasive breast cancer subcategory that has spread to other organs (lungs, liver, bone, brain)

A

Stage IV (Metastatic cancer)

87
Q

Type of breast cancer that involves the duct & extends to the nipple & areola. Will show eczema around the area. Will show puritis. Metastasis is very quick

A

Paget’s Cancer of the breast

88
Q

Type of breast cancer that has redness of the skin, hardening of the tissue, painful, edema, & extremely malignant

A

Inflammatory Breast Cancer

89
Q

Hormone released from the hypothalamus. Stimulates the release of other hormones

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

90
Q

Hormone from Anterior Pituitary. Stimulates the maturation of the Follicle inside the Ovaries

A

Follicule Stimulating hormone

91
Q

Hormone from Anterior Pituitary. Stimulates ovulation

A

Lutinizing hormone

92
Q

Hormone from Posterior Pituitary. Has 2 functions,stimulates uterine contractions & stimulates release of milk

A

Oxytocin

93
Q

Hormone from anterior pituitary. Secreted only during breast feeding to stimulate milk production. Sends negative feedback to hypothalamus to inhibit ovulation

A

Prolactin

94
Q

Hormone secreted by the follicle mainly. Also secreted by the adrenals. Ovarian/sex hormone. Largely produced in 1st half of cycle

A

Estrogen

95
Q

What are the 3 types of estrogen?

A

Estrodiol (More prominate in reproductive years
Estrone
Estriol (More prominate during menopause)

96
Q

What is thread like quality of mucous during ovulation called?

A

Spin barkeit (sp)

97
Q

This hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum. Counter acts estrogen. Matures tissues and sustains pregnancy. Inhibits milk flow during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

98
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular Phase
Ovulatory Phase
Luteal Phase

99
Q

How long does the follicular phase last?

A

14 days

100
Q

During the follicular phase what steps does a follicle go through to prepare for the ovulation phase?

A

Follicle –> primary follicle –> antrum (secondary oocyte) –> Graafian follicle

101
Q

What is cramping assoc. w/ ovulation called?

A

Mittelschmerz

102
Q

What is the ovum covered w/ when it is ovulated?

A

Zona pellucida & corona radiata

103
Q

What is the main product of the luteal phase?

A

Creates corpus luteum

104
Q

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone

105
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization doesn’t occur?

A

Becomes corpus albicans

106
Q

This occurs d/t the withdrawal of progresterone & estrogen when the corpus luteum involutes

A

Menstration

107
Q

What uterine changes occur during the follicular phase?

A

Endometrium proliferation

108
Q

What uterine changes occur during the luteal phase?

A

Production of “uterine milk”

109
Q

What cervical changes occur during the follicular phase?

A

Secretion of watery cervical mucus

Spinnbarkeit - ferning pattern AKA arborization

110
Q

What cervical changes occur during the luteal phase?

A

Cervical mucus thickens
“Hostile mucus”
Ferning pattern disappears

111
Q

A group of s/s that occur during the luteal phase that can be physical, psychological, &/or social d/t hormonal imbalance. M/C 20-30 yr olds

A

PMS

112
Q

What category of PMS is d/t excess of estrogen, related to mood swings, irritability, depression?

A

PMS A (anxiety)

113
Q

Category of PMS where a woman usually crave refined sugars/carbs. Possible hypoglycemic problems, fatigue, headache, palpitations, high estrogen

A

PMS C (Cravings)

114
Q

Category of PMS where there is swelling in the extremities, weight gain, headache, increase of estrogen

A

PMS H (hyperhydration)

115
Q

Category of PMS that is rare, has low estrogen levels & high progesterone levels

A

PMS D (depression)

116
Q

What is the cause of PMS?

A

May be d/t hormone imbalance, Vit. B6 deficiency, increased prolactin, imbalance in prostaglandin, hypothyroidism

117
Q

Painful menses, cramps. M/C complaint related to gyn. pts.

A

Dysmenorrhea

118
Q

What are the two types of Dysmenorrhea?

A

Primary - absence of pathologies

Secondary - d/t pathology

119
Q

What age group is M/C affected by primary dysmenorrhea?

A

Teenagers

120
Q

What age group is M/C affected by secondary dysmenorrhea?

A

30’s & 40’s

121
Q

Which type of dysmenorrhea is known as “charley horse of the uterus”?

A

Primary

122
Q

What causes primary dysmenorrhea?

A

Due to a high level of prostaglandins which increase uterine contractions

123
Q

What are some causes of secondary dysmenorrhea?

A
  1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  2. Adenomyosis
  3. Endometriosis
  4. Fibroids
  5. IUD (IntraUterine Device)
  6. Polyps
  7. Congenital abnormality of the Uterus
  8. Cervical stenosis
124
Q

What is the difference b/w PMS & dysmenorrhea?

A

PMS occurs during the luteal phase

Dysmenorrhea occurs during the follicular phase

125
Q

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is assoc. w/ what?

A

Systemic Disease
Cancer
Pregnancy Complications

126
Q

Too much bleeding during a normal cycle

A

Hypermenorrhea

127
Q

Normal bleeding that occurs too frequently (every 2 weeks)

A

Polymenorrhea

128
Q

Intermenstrual bleeding or spotting

A

Metrorrhagia

129
Q

Very light menstrual flow. Spotting

A

Hypomenorrhea

130
Q

Menstrual periods w/ more than 35 days apart

A

Oligomenorrhea

131
Q

Irregular periods & irregular flow

A

Menometrorrhagia

132
Q

What are examples of reproductive tract diseases that cause abnormal bleeding?

A

Pregnancy complications
Intrauterine benign neoplasia
Reproductive tract malignancy

133
Q

What are examples of systemic disease that cause abnormal bleeding?

A

Blood Dyscrasias
Endocrine Disorders
Liver Disease

134
Q

What are examples of dysfunctional disease that cause abnormal bleeding?

A 
Anovulation 
Irregular ovulation
Obesity
Eating disorders
Trauma
135
Q

Absence of menses

A

Amenorrhea

136
Q

Type of amenorrhea with No period by age 14 with the absence of growth or development or secondary sex characteristics or No period by age 16, regardless of the presence of normal growth & development of secondary sex characteristics

A

Primary amenorrhea

137
Q

What are the 4 classifications of primary amenorrhea?

A

w/ breast develoment, w/ or w/o uterus

w/o breast development, w/ or w/o uterus

138
Q

Type of amenorrhea where a woman who has been menstruating irregularly & has had no menses for 3 consecutive cycles or she has been menstruating regularly & has had no menses for 6 consecutive cycles

A

Secondary amenorrhea

139
Q

Type of secondary amenorrhea which occurs when women are nursing, preggers, menopause

A

Physiologic amenorrhea

OB/GYN (3 decks)

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