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OB/GYN > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

When the fetus drops in preparation for labor it’s called?

A

Lightening

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2
Q

The Leopold Maneuver is used to determine 3 things for delivery, what are they?

A

1st Maneuver - Lie
2nd Maneuver - Presentation (cephalic or breech)
3rd Maneuver - Position (occiput in relation to maternal pelvis, fetal head up against sym pubis)

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3
Q

What occurs during the 1st stage of labor?

A

Oxytocin & prostaglandin are released

Increase in uterine contractions

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4
Q

What are the 2 phases of the 1st stage of labor?

A

Latent phase - cervical effacement & early dilation

Active phase - rapid cervical dilation & full effacement, if membranes haven’t ruptured they will during this phase

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5
Q

From time of complete dilation to delivery of baby is what stage of labor?

A

2nd

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6
Q

What are the steps of the 2nd stage of labor?

A 
Descent/Engagement
Flexion (of baby's head)
Internal rotation
Extension
External Rotation/Restitution
Expulsion
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7
Q

What occurs during the internal rotation step of the 2nd stage of labor?

A

Brings occiput directly in front of pubis

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8
Q

What occurs during the extension step of the 2nd stage of labor?

A

At vaginal outlet to allow the head to pass thru, once head is through, they suction the baby’s lungs

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9
Q

What occurs during the external rotation/restitution step of the 2nd stage of labor?

A

Get head back to normal

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10
Q

What occurs during the expulsion step of the 2nd stage of labor?

A

Rest of body comes out

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11
Q

What stage of labor is from delivery of baby through the delivery of the placenta?

A

3rd stage of labor

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12
Q

How long does the 3rd stage of labor last (max)?

A

45 mins

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13
Q

When the fetal surface (smooth, shiny looking) of the placenta delivers first it’s known as what?

A

Schultz Delivery

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14
Q

When the maternal surface (lumpy,red, & meaty looking) of the placenta delivers first it’s known as what?

A

Duncan Delivery

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15
Q

The hour immediately following delivery of baby & placenta is what stage of labor?

A

4th stage of labor

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16
Q

Postpartum hemorrhage commonly occurs during which stage of labor?

A

4th stage

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17
Q

When the uterus begins to shrink as soon as the placenta is expulsed is called what?

A

Uterus Involution

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18
Q

Red uterine discharge in the first few days after delivery is called what?

A

Lochia Rubra

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19
Q

Pink uterine discharge around day 3-5 post delivery is called what?

A

Lochia Serosa

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20
Q

Yellow or white uterine discharge by day 10 post delivery is called what?

A

Lochia Alba

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21
Q

This is defined as slow or difficult labor, delivery, dysfunctional labor

A

Dystocia

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22
Q

When the uterus does not contract down as forcefully as need to expulse fetus it’s called what?

A

Ineffective uterine expulsive forces

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23
Q

Type of breech presentation where you see the baby’s butt, flexed thighs, & extended knees. Makes up 65% of breech presentations

A

Frank Breech

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24
Q

Type of breech presentation where the baby is sitting in a “squat” presentation. Both thighs & knees are flexed. Makes up 25% of breech presentations

A

Complete breech

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25
Q

Type of breech presentation where the baby has one or both thighs extended & one or both knees extended below the butt. Makes up 10% of breech presentations

A

Footling or Incomplete breech

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26
Q

In a twin pregnancy, when each fetus has its own umbilical cord & placenta it’s called what?

A

Diamniotic & dichorionic twins

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27
Q

Defined as the cessation of menses for a minimum of 6-12 consecutive months due to inadequate ovarian follicular development & waning of estrogen

A

Menopause

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28
Q

What is considered normal menopause?

A

Menopause occurs abruptly without any premenopausal change in menstrual bleeding (some experience this)
Menstrual periods that are lighter, shorter & less frequent (many experience this)

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29
Q

These occur during menopause due to unstable hypothalamic control of hormones due to estrogen withdrawl

A

Hot flashes

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30
Q

What are symptoms of menopause?

A 
Hot flashes
Fatigue
Vaginal dryness
Urinary incontinence
Increased UTI
Weight gain
Insomnia
Decreased libido
Mood swings
Night sweats
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31
Q

Herniation of the bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina beneath the floor of the bladder is called what?

A

Cystocele

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32
Q

Prolapse of the small intestine thru the posterior aspect of the vagina at the level of the cul-de-sac of Douglas is called what?

A

Enterocele

33
Q

Herniation of lower rectum thru the posterior vaginal wall is called what?

A

Rectocele

34
Q

This is d/t relaxation of the cardinal & uterosacral ligaments which allows descent of cervix & uterus into vagina & beyond

A

Uterine Prolapse

35
Q

This is an instrument that is inserted into the vagina to correct uterine prolapse

A

Pessary

36
Q

This occurs d/t loss of anatomic angle between the bladder & the urethra

A

Genuine stress incontinence

37
Q

This is AKA overactive bladder or urge incontinence

A

Detrusor Dyssynergia

38
Q

Defined as bladder dysfunction that is caused by neurological damage

A

Neurogenic bladder

39
Q

What are etiologies of neurogenic bladder?

A 
Strokes
Spinal Injury
Herniated Discs
Parkinson’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Syphilis
40
Q

UTI’s are usually caused by what?

A

Bacteria (90% d/t E. coli)

41
Q

Bartholin Gland cysts develop b/c of what?

A

Duct obstruction

42
Q

What STD is assoc. w/ 10-50% of bartholin gland abscesses?

A

Gonorrhea

43
Q

Type of vaginitis that occurs d/t hormonal fluctuations changing vaginal pH. Typically postmenopausal

A

Hormonal Vaginitis (Atrophic vaginitis)

44
Q

Type of vaginitis that is caused by the Use of certain meds or hygiene products irritating the mucosa

A

Allergic Vaginitis

45
Q

Type of vaginitis that is caused by physical agents or sexual activity

A

Traumatic vaginitis

46
Q

Type of vaginitis that is caused by a forgotten tampon, contraceptive device, or pessaries

A

Foreign Body vaginitis

47
Q

What are the different sub-types of Irritant vaginitis?

A

Chemical Vaginitis
Allergic Vaginitis
Traumatic Vaginitis
Foreign body Vaginitis

48
Q

Type of vaginitis that may be sexually transmitted or may arise from a disturbance to the delicate ecology of the vagina

A

Infectious vaginitis

49
Q

Type of vaginitis that is caused by an STD, may be asymptomatic at first but then has a frothy, green discharge & foul smell. Assoc. w/ a Strawberry Cervix (d/t punctuate hemorrhaging)

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis

50
Q

This can cause an infectious vaginitis that has a thick or cottage cheese discharge. Increased incidence in DM pts

A

Candida Albicans

51
Q

Type of vaginitis that is non-irritating, has a grey discharge, and has a fishy, foul, rotten odor

A

Nonspecific vaginitis

52
Q

This is the M/C organism to develop PID

A

Neisseria Gonorrhea

53
Q

Type of viral infection that causes genital ulcers, extreme pain, bleeding of cervix, & clear fluid discharge

A

Herpes Simplex

54
Q

Infection of the upper genital tract in women, usually starts in the lower genital tract & ascends to involve the upper genital tract

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

55
Q

Do malignant adnexal masses tend to be larger or smaller?

A

Larger

56
Q

Adenxal masses that are cystic (fluid filled) tend to be _____ whereas masses that are solid or complex tend to be ________

A

Benign; malignant

57
Q

What type of borders do benign adnexal masses have? malignant adnexal masses?

A

Smooth; vague, rough edges

58
Q

Which type of adnexal masses tend to be mobile, benign or malignant?

A

Benign

59
Q

Type of cysts that are related to the menstrual cycle

A

Functional cysts

60
Q

Type of simple cyst lined by granulose cells w/i the ovarian stroma

A

Follicle cysts

61
Q

Ds that is caused by functional cysts that produce hormones are uncontrolled. Charac. by irregular or no menstrual periods, acne, obesity, & excess hair growth

A

Polycystic Ovarian Disease

62
Q

A tumor of embryonic origin that is composed of various structures. Benign, often asymptomatic, unilateral

A

Cystic teratoma/Dermoid cyst

63
Q

What is PCOS AKA?

A

Stein-Leventhal Syndrome
Chronic Hyperandrogenism
Chronic Oligo-Ovulation

64
Q

Basis of chronic anovulation in PCOS is d/t what?

A

Excess amount of androgen & its conversion to estrogen

65
Q

What are symptoms of PCOS?

A 
Obesity
Secondary amenorrhea
Deep voice
Hirsuitism
Increase in muscle mass
Infertility
66
Q

Defined as the presence of endometrial glands & stroma within the myometrium of the uterus. Assoc. w/ enlarged uterus that is tender w/ palpation

A

Adenomyosis

67
Q

M/C benign tumor of the uterus. Defined as a benign tumor that is composed of smooth muscle & CT elements. Hard tumor that is non-painful unless there is compression against adjacent organs

A

Leiomyoma

68
Q

A benign condition in which endometrial glands & stroma are present in locations outside of the uterine cavity & walls

A

Endometriosis

69
Q

What is the M/C site of occurrence for endometriosis?

A

Ovaries

70
Q

What is the charac. triad of symptoms assoc. w/ endometriosis?

A

Dysmenorrhea
Dyspareunia
Dyschezia

71
Q

These are AKA Chocolate cysts d/t to chocolate-like color when they develop

A

Ovarian Cysts

72
Q

What is a tx for endometriosis?

A

Surgery (conservative surgery = laser ablation)

73
Q

What are signs of vulva cancer?

A

Dermatitis

Ulceration

74
Q

Type of cancer that is M/C around 50yrs of age. If caught early, can be tx & cured. Assoc. w/ postcoital bleeding (bleeding after sex)

A

Cervical cancer

75
Q

What is the M/C genital cancer in women?

A

Endometrial cancer

76
Q

What is the M/C type of endometrial carcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinoma

77
Q

What are s/s of Uterine/endometrial cancer?

A

Hypermenorrhea
Intermenstrual bleeding
Postmenopausal bleeding (usually over 50yoa)
Rapid uterine enlargement

78
Q

What is the most effective form of contraception?

A

Sterilization

79
Q

This was the 1st type of IUD. Works by immobilizing & killing sperm

A

Copper IUD

OB/GYN (3 decks)

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