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Anatomy and Physiology > Test # 1 > Flashcards

Test # 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Superior/Cranial

A

Toward the head

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2
Q

Inferior/Caudal

A

Toward the bottom

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3
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Toward the front

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4
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Toward the back

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the middle

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7
Q

Intermediate

A

Between the medial and lateral structure.

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Close to the body

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9
Q

Distal

A

Away from the body

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10
Q

Superficial

A

body surface

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11
Q

Deep

A

More internal

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12
Q

what are the three body planes?

A

Median, Front, Transverse

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13
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the serous membrane?

A

Reduce friction. It covers the walls of the ventral body cavity. Double layer

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15
Q

Pericardium

A

Heart

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16
Q

Pleurae

A

Lungs

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17
Q

Peritoneum

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity. Contains the peritoneal cavity and lined with peritoneum.

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18
Q

Parietal Serosa

A

Walls

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19
Q

Visceral Serosa

A

Organs

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20
Q

Hydrophilic Molecules

A

Water loving – makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water.

21
Q

Hydrophobic Molecules

A

Hates Water – Do not dissolve in water. Oil.

22
Q

Lipophilic

A

Fat loving

23
Q

Lipophobic

A

Fat Hating.

24
Q

Acidosis

A

Too much hydrogen

25
Q

Alkalosis

A

Not enough hydrogen

26
Q

What are buffers?

A

Will add or decrease hydrogen to maintain homeostasis. Bicarbonate, phosphates, and proteins are all negatively charge.

27
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

They control what passes through the external and internal enviroments

  1. Physical isolation of environments
  2. Regulates exchanges with the environment.
  3. Provides structure.
  4. Allows for sensitivity to the environment.
28
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The total concentration of a solution.

29
Q

What are the three types of tonicity??

A

Hypertonic -Shrivel
Isotonic - no change
Hypotonic - Burst

30
Q

What is a membrane protein?

A

A protein that is amphipathic (having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts) that can be inserted into lipid layers

31
Q

What is an integral membrane protein?

A

Found within the phospholipid bilayer.

32
Q

What is peripheral membrane protein?

A

Held to the surface of one side of the membrane by strong ionic attractions.

33
Q

What are the 4 primary types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Muscle Tissue
  3. Nervous Tissue
  4. Connective Tissue
34
Q

Apical Surface

A

Upper free surface - Exposed to exterior or cavity.

35
Q

Basal Surface

A

Lower attached surface

36
Q

What are the specialized cell contacts?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Adhesive belts

37
Q

What are the types of tissue membrane?

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Serous
  3. Cutaneous
  4. Synovial
38
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the extracellular space. Travels to blood or lymphatic fluid.

39
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Secrete productts onto surface or into cavities.

  1. Unicellular - Exocytosis
  2. Multi cellular - Glands by epithelium
40
Q

What are the 3 modes of secretion of exocrine glands?

A
  1. Merocrine - most common - Sweat glands
  2. Apocrine - Mammary gland
  3. Holocrine - Sebaceous Gland (hair)
41
Q

What are the main types of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Connective Tissue Proper
  2. Bone
  3. Cartilage
  4. Blood
42
Q

What are the types of Loose connective tissue? ( Connective Tissue Proper)

A
  1. Aerolar - Soak up excess fluid
  2. Reticular - White blood cells hang on. Structure of the spleen.
  3. Adipose - Insulation and fuel storage.
43
Q

What are the types of Dense Connective Tissues?

A
  1. Dense Regular - Single direction of resistance. Tendons and ligaments
  2. Dense Irregular - Resists tension in multiple directions.
  3. Elastic - Stretch and recoil - Heart
44
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

45
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis layer?

A
  1. Corneum
  2. Lucidum
  3. Grandulosum
  4. Spinosum
  5. Basale
46
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Cells of the epidermis - most common cell. - Produce keratin. Tightly connected to each other

47
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin- Pigment

protects apical surface

48
Q

What are the pigments that contribute to skin color?

A
  1. Melanin – Sole pigment made in skin
    a. Yellow, brown, or black pigment
    b. Production depends on genetics and exposure to sunlight.
  2. Carotene
    a. Orange – yellow pigment from some vegetables (carrots)
  3. Hemoglobin
    a. Red – Blood cells in dermal capillaries
    b. Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
49
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary Layer - Upper dermal region - Loose areolar connective tissue - Soaks up
  2. Reticular Layer - Deepest skin layer - Blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, dense irregular connective tissue.

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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