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Bio 1000 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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2
Q

What domains contain organisms with simple cells

A

Bacteria & archaea

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3
Q

What domain contains fungi, plantae, and animalia?

A

Eukarya

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4
Q

Describe bacteria

A

Large and diverse group of unicellular organisms

They are prokaryotes

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5
Q

Describe archaea

A

Unicellular
Prokaryotes
(Similar to bacteria)

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6
Q

Describe eukarya

A 
Contains protists, plants, animals, and fungi 
Are eukaryotes (have nucleus)
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7
Q

Viruses

A

Aren’t considered to be alive
Not capable of self sufficient replication
Do not have metabolism
Referred to as “infectious particles”

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8
Q

What are cells and what types of cells are there

A 
Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit in an organism (building blocks of life)
Enclosed by membrane
Contains DNA
Types: 
Eukaryote 
Prokaryote
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9
Q

Eukaryote

A

Plants and animals

Have nucleus and cell organelles

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10
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Do not have nucleus or most other organelles

Bacteria and archaea

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11
Q

What is a molecule

A

A chemical structure consisting of 2 or more atoms

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12
Q

What are organelles

A

“Membrane bound intracellular components that perform a specific function

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13
Q

What is a tissue

A

Something composed of distinct group of specialized cells

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14
Q

What is An organ

A

A part of an organism that is usually self contained and performs a specific function

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15
Q

What is an organism

A

In individual living thing (people, trees, bacteria, fungi etc)

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16
Q

What is a population

A

Includes all individuals of a given species

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17
Q

What is a community

A

Includes all individuals from all species

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18
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

Includes all living and non living (rocks, air, light) in an area

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19
Q

What is the biosphere

A

Includes all environments inhabited by living organisms

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20
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that is manipulated in an experimental test of a hypothesis

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21
Q

Dependant variable

A

The measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment.

Depends on the manipulated variable

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22
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Compared an experiment group with a control group

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23
Q

What are the defining features of life?

A
  • pattern (order)
  • require energy
  • respond to environment
  • maintain homeostasis
  • reproduces
  • DNA directed growth and development
  • adaptation through evolution
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24
Q

What are the 4 main elements of life ?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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25
Q

What is an atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element
Proton
Neutron
Electron

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26
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Atoms sharing, giving, or losing electrons results in chemical bonds

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27
Q

Electronegativity

A

The atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

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28
Q

Covalent bond

A

Joins atoms into molecules through electron sharing

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29
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom.
Unequal sharing of electrons causes partial positive or negative charge for each atom of a polar covalent bond

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30
Q

Non polar covalent bond

A

Electrons shared equally

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31
Q

Iconic bond

A

When one atom is much more electronegative than the other it will strip electrons away from its partner

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32
Q

Properties of water

A 
Cohesive 
Evaporative cooling/temperature regulation
Expands when frozen 
Solvation of ions 
Participated in determining PH
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33
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Does not have affinity for water (doesn’t mix)

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34
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Has affinity for water

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35
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of 2 molecules of the same kinda to stick together

36
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of two kinds of molecules to stick together

37
Q

Mechanism

A

The view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena

38
Q

Isomers

A

Have the same molecular formula but different structures

39
Q

Enantiomers

A

Are mirror images of eachother

40
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

Type of geometric isomer
Same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Ex.
X X H X
\C=C / \ C=C /
H / \ H X /. . H

41
Q

Structural isomers

A

Have different covalent arrangements H
H H H H H. H-CHH H H
H-c-c-c-c-c-H. H-C-c-c-c-H
H H H H H. H H H H

42
Q

Carbonyl group

A

C= O

43
Q

Carboxyl group

A

-COOH

44
Q

Amino group

A

NH2

Found in amino acids and protein

45
Q

Phosphate group

A

O=P-O3

46
Q

Methyl group

A

-CH3

Affects expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA

47
Q

Difference between testosterone and estrogen

A

Testosterone:
O= CH3

Estrogen:
HO-

48
Q

Macromolecules

A

Have 4 classes and make up all living things

  • carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • nucleic acids
49
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks of polymers

50
Q

Polymers

A

A string of monomers

Identical or similar building blocks strung together made through dehydration reactions

51
Q

Enzymes

A

Break apart polymers through a process called hydrolysis

52
Q

Selective permeability

A

Membrane selects what cells pass through its walls

53
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A
  • transport
  • enzymatic activity
  • signalling
  • cell-cell recognition
  • intercellular joining
  • attachment to the cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix (ECM)
54
Q

What’s the order of life

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
55
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Sugar broken down to carbon dioxide and water

The cell captures some of the released energy to make ATP

56
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Atoms of carbon dioxide and water are rearranged to make sugar and oxygen

57
Q

Respiration as breathing

A

Brings in O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2

58
Q

What is exergonic

A

Energy releasing process

59
Q

What molecule can produce ATP?

A

Glucose,

1 glucose molecule can make upto 32 ATP molecules

60
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A

1 glycosis
2 pyruvate oxidation/ citric acid cycle
3 oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • first stage of cellular respiration
  • occurs in cytosol
  • begins cellular respiration
  • breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of a 3 carbon compound called pyruvate
62
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A
  • second stage of cellular respiration
  • takes place in mitochondrial matrix (inside mitochondria)
  • oxidize pyruvate to a 2-carbon compound
  • supply the third stage with electrons
63
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • stage 3 of cellular respiration
  • involves electron transport and chemiosmosis
  • NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons to electron transport chains inside the inner mitochondria membrane
  • generates most of the ATP made through cellular respiration
  • the electrons are passed to oxygen which becomes reduced to H2O
64
Q

What harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate?

A

Glycolysis

65
Q

6major functions of membrane proteins

A
  • transport
  • enzymatic activity
  • signalling
  • cell-cell recognition
  • intercellular joining
  • attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
66
Q

Transport proteins

A

Allow specific molecules or ions to enter or exit the cell

67
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Signaling molecules bind to receptor proteins

- receptor proteins relay the message by activating other molecules inside the cell

68
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Serve as ID tags

May be recognized by membrane proteins of other cells

69
Q

Junction proteins

A

Form intercellular junctions that attach adjacent cells

70
Q

Attachment proteins

A

Help support membrane
Can coordinate external and internal changes
Attach to the extra cellular matrix and cytoskeleton

71
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment

72
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane

73
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

74
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cells shrink in a hypertonic solution

75
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cells swell in a hypotonic solution

76
Q

What solution causes animal cells to be normal but pant cells become flaccid?

A

Isotonic solutions

77
Q

Active transport

A

When a cell must expend energy to move absolute against its concentration gradient

78
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The engulfment of a particle by the cell wrapping its membrane around it, forming a vacuole

79
Q

Receptor - mediated endocytosis

A

Uses membrane receptors for specific solutes

80
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny vesicles

81
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport vesicles migrate and fuse to the membrane, and release there contents to the outside of the cell

82
Q

Laws of thermodynamics

A

1 energy can change form but can’t be created or destroyed

2 energy transfers or transformations increase disorder/entropy within the universe

83
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release energy

84
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Require energy, yield products rich in potential energy

85
Q

What speeds up cells chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers?

A

Enzymes

Bio 1000 (3 decks)

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