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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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2
Q

What domains contain organisms with simple cells

A

Bacteria & archaea

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3
Q

What domain contains fungi, plantae, and animalia?

A

Eukarya

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4
Q

Describe bacteria

A

Large and diverse group of unicellular organisms

They are prokaryotes

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5
Q

Describe archaea

A

Unicellular
Prokaryotes
(Similar to bacteria)

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6
Q

Describe eukarya

A 
Contains protists, plants, animals, and fungi 
Are eukaryotes (have nucleus)
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7
Q

Viruses

A

Aren’t considered to be alive
Not capable of self sufficient replication
Do not have metabolism
Referred to as “infectious particles”

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8
Q

What are cells and what types of cells are there

A 
Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit in an organism (building blocks of life)
Enclosed by membrane
Contains DNA
Types: 
Eukaryote 
Prokaryote
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9
Q

Eukaryote

A

Plants and animals

Have nucleus and cell organelles

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10
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Do not have nucleus or most other organelles

Bacteria and archaea

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11
Q

What is a molecule

A

A chemical structure consisting of 2 or more atoms

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12
Q

What are organelles

A

“Membrane bound intracellular components that perform a specific function

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13
Q

What is a tissue

A

Something composed of distinct group of specialized cells

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14
Q

What is An organ

A

A part of an organism that is usually self contained and performs a specific function

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15
Q

What is an organism

A

In individual living thing (people, trees, bacteria, fungi etc)

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16
Q

What is a population

A

Includes all individuals of a given species

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17
Q

What is a community

A

Includes all individuals from all species

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18
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

Includes all living and non living (rocks, air, light) in an area

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19
Q

What is the biosphere

A

Includes all environments inhabited by living organisms

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20
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that is manipulated in an experimental test of a hypothesis

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21
Q

Dependant variable

A

The measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment.

Depends on the manipulated variable

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22
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Compared an experiment group with a control group

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23
Q

What are the defining features of life?

A
  • pattern (order)
  • require energy
  • respond to environment
  • maintain homeostasis
  • reproduces
  • DNA directed growth and development
  • adaptation through evolution
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24
Q

What are the 4 main elements of life ?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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25
What is an atom
The smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element Proton Neutron Electron
26
Chemical bonds
Atoms sharing, giving, or losing electrons results in chemical bonds
27
Electronegativity
The atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
28
Covalent bond
Joins atoms into molecules through electron sharing
29
Polar covalent bond
Electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom. Unequal sharing of electrons causes partial positive or negative charge for each atom of a polar covalent bond
30
Non polar covalent bond
Electrons shared equally
31
Iconic bond
When one atom is much more electronegative than the other it will strip electrons away from its partner
32
Properties of water
``` Cohesive Evaporative cooling/temperature regulation Expands when frozen Solvation of ions Participated in determining PH ```
33
Hydrophobic
Does not have affinity for water (doesn’t mix)
34
Hydrophilic
Has affinity for water
35
Cohesion
The tendency of 2 molecules of the same kinda to stick together
36
Adhesion
The tendency of two kinds of molecules to stick together
37
Mechanism
The view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena
38
Isomers
Have the same molecular formula but different structures
39
Enantiomers
Are mirror images of eachother
40
Cis-trans isomers
Type of geometric isomer Same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements Ex. X X H X \C=C / \ C=C / H / \ H X /. \. H
41
Structural isomers
Have different covalent arrangements H H H H H H. H-CHH H H H-c-c-c-c-c-H. H-C-c-c-c-H H H H H H. H H H H
42
Carbonyl group
C= O
43
Carboxyl group
-COOH
44
Amino group
NH2 | Found in amino acids and protein
45
Phosphate group
O=P-O3
46
Methyl group
-CH3 | Affects expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA
47
Difference between testosterone and estrogen
Testosterone: O= CH3 Estrogen: HO-
48
Macromolecules
Have 4 classes and make up all living things - carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - nucleic acids
49
Monomers
The building blocks of polymers
50
Polymers
A string of monomers | Identical or similar building blocks strung together made through dehydration reactions
51
Enzymes
Break apart polymers through a process called hydrolysis
52
Selective permeability
Membrane selects what cells pass through its walls
53
Functions of membrane proteins
- transport - enzymatic activity - signalling - cell-cell recognition - intercellular joining - attachment to the cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix (ECM)
54
What’s the order of life
``` Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```
55
Cellular respiration
Sugar broken down to carbon dioxide and water | The cell captures some of the released energy to make ATP
56
Photosynthesis
Atoms of carbon dioxide and water are rearranged to make sugar and oxygen
57
Respiration as breathing
Brings in O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2
58
What is exergonic
Energy releasing process
59
What molecule can produce ATP?
Glucose, | 1 glucose molecule can make upto 32 ATP molecules
60
Stages of cellular respiration
1 glycosis 2 pyruvate oxidation/ citric acid cycle 3 oxidative phosphorylation
61
Glycolysis
- first stage of cellular respiration - occurs in cytosol - begins cellular respiration - breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of a 3 carbon compound called pyruvate
62
Pyruvate oxidation
- second stage of cellular respiration - takes place in mitochondrial matrix (inside mitochondria) - oxidize pyruvate to a 2-carbon compound - supply the third stage with electrons
63
Oxidative phosphorylation
- stage 3 of cellular respiration - involves electron transport and chemiosmosis - NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons to electron transport chains inside the inner mitochondria membrane - generates most of the ATP made through cellular respiration - the electrons are passed to oxygen which becomes reduced to H2O
64
What harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate?
Glycolysis
65
6major functions of membrane proteins
- transport - enzymatic activity - signalling - cell-cell recognition - intercellular joining - attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
66
Transport proteins
Allow specific molecules or ions to enter or exit the cell
67
Receptor proteins
Signaling molecules bind to receptor proteins | - receptor proteins relay the message by activating other molecules inside the cell
68
Glycoproteins
Serve as ID tags | May be recognized by membrane proteins of other cells
69
Junction proteins
Form intercellular junctions that attach adjacent cells
70
Attachment proteins
Help support membrane Can coordinate external and internal changes Attach to the extra cellular matrix and cytoskeleton
71
Passive transport
Diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment
72
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a membrane
73
Tonicity
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
74
Hypertonic
Cells shrink in a hypertonic solution
75
Hypotonic
Cells swell in a hypotonic solution
76
What solution causes animal cells to be normal but pant cells become flaccid?
Isotonic solutions
77
Active transport
When a cell must expend energy to move absolute against its concentration gradient
78
Phagocytosis
The engulfment of a particle by the cell wrapping its membrane around it, forming a vacuole
79
Receptor - mediated endocytosis
Uses membrane receptors for specific solutes
80
Pinocytosis
Extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny vesicles
81
Exocytosis
Transport vesicles migrate and fuse to the membrane, and release there contents to the outside of the cell
82
Laws of thermodynamics
1 energy can change form but can’t be created or destroyed | 2 energy transfers or transformations increase disorder/entropy within the universe
83
Exergonic reactions
Release energy
84
Endergonic reactions
Require energy, yield products rich in potential energy
85
What speeds up cells chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers?
Enzymes

Bio 1000 (3 decks)

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