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Bio 1000 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which genetic info flows from genes to proteins

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2
Q

Operons

A

In prokaryotes, genes for related enzymes are often controlled together in units called operons

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3
Q

Individual cells must undergo ____ becomin specialized in structure and function

A

Differentiation

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4
Q

DNA in a chromosome wraps around clusters of small proteins called ___

A

Histones

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5
Q

Mendel 3 laws of inheritance

A

1 law of segregation
2 law of independence assortment

3 unit characteristics

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6
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of heredity

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7
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the other

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8
Q

The blending hypothesis

A

Old theory of inheritance that is now rejected that said every trait from your parents is mixed in offspring

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9
Q

The particulate hypothesis

A

Mendels original hypothesis.

Parents pass on discrete heretable units (true)

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10
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate versions of genes (blue eye/ brown eye)

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11
Q

Mendels law of segregation

A

2 alleles for a characteristic segregate during gamete formation

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12
Q

True breeding

A

Crossing of 2 homozygous parents

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13
Q

Test cross

A

Crosssing something with a homozygous recessive to see its genotype

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14
Q

Mono hybrids

A

Individuals that are heterozygous

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15
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Mendels law that states each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation

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16
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

A punett squar fir 2 different characteristics

17
Q

Complete dominance

A

When phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical (normal)

18
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When the phenotype of F1 hybrids is in between the 2 parent phenotypes (red flower + white flower = pink offspring

19
Q

Codominance

A

2 dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways (spotted animals / have different coloured fur)

20
Q

Norm of reaction

A

Is the phenotypic range if a genotype influenced by environment

21
Q

Analogous

A

Evolution of similar features in creatures not closely related

22
Q

Homology

A

Similarity resulting from common ancestry even tho they may not perform the same task

23
Q

Artificial selection

A

When humans have modified other species by breeding individuals with desired traits

24
Q

Micro evolution

A

A change in allele frequency in a population over generations

25
Q

3 mechanisms causeing allele frequency change

A

Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow

26
Q

Mutations

A

The original source of genetic variation

27
Q

3 components of sexual reproduction causing new assortment of existing alleles

A

1 crossing over
2 independent orientation of homologous chromosomes
3. Random fertilization

28
Q

Gene pool

A

Consists of all the alleles for a population

29
Q

Hardy weinburgh equilibrium 5 components

A 
1 large population size 
2 mating is random 
3 no mutation 
4 no gene flow 
5 no natural selection
30
Q

How to calculate allele frequency

A

(AA X 2) + (Aa) / (2 X population size)

31
Q

Bottle neck effect

A

Leads to loss of genetic diversity when population is greatly reduced due to change in environment

32
Q

Founder effect

A

When a few individuals become isolated from larger population

33
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Makes differences between the sexes within the same species

34
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates if the opposite sex

35
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in mate selection

36
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

When a new species arises in the same geographic area as its parent species

37
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The evolution of many different species from one common ancestor

Bio 1000 (3 decks)

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