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Neuropsychology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

Scientific study of the relationship between behavior and the brain.

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2
Q

What disciplines does neuropsychology draw from?

A

Anatomy, biology, pharmacology, and philosophy.

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3
Q

What are the two ideas that influence theoretical investigations of brain function?

A

The Brain Hypothesis & The Neuron Hypothesis.

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4
Q

What is the brain hypothesis?

A

The brain is the source of behavior.

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5
Q

What is the neuron hypothesis?

A

The unit of brain structure and function is the neuron.

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6
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

Two symmetrical hemispheres, the right and the left.

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7
Q

What are the hemispheres connected by?

A

Commissures

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8
Q

What is the largest commissure?

A

Corpus Collosum

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9
Q

What is the outer layer of wrinkled tissue called?

A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

What are the folds of the cortex?

A

Gyri

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11
Q

What are the creases of the brain?

A

Sulci

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12
Q

What are large sulci called?

A

Fissures

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13
Q

What are the three divisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord.

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14
Q

What is the forebrain responsible for doing?

A

Performs higher functions like thinking, perception, and planning.

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15
Q

What is the brainstem and the spinal cord responsible for doing?

A

Performs regulatory and movement producing functions.

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16
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.

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17
Q

What is part of the CNS?

A

Brain and the spinal cord.

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18
Q

What are the parts of the PNS?

A

Sensory pathways, motor pathways, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

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19
Q

What is the job of sensory pathways?

A

It collects info from the senses and sends it to the cortex via the Somatic Nervous System (SNS).

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20
Q

What is the job of motor pathways?

A

Nerve fibers that connect the brain and spinal cord to the body’s muscles.

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21
Q

What is the job of the ANS?

A

Pathways that control the internal organs such as the heart, lungs, and stomach.

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22
Q

What is localization of function?

A

Idea that different parts of the brain perform different functions.

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23
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Anterior speech region of the brain.

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24
Q

What is lateralization?

A

Functions are able to be localized to one side of the brain.

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25
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Inability (partial or complete) to understand or express language.

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26
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Posterior speech region located in the temporal lobe

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27
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia or expressive aphasia?

A

partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.

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28
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia or fluent aphasia?

A

characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs

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29
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant for language?

A

Left

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30
Q

What did Wernicke’s model propose?

A

Regions of the brain have different functions but must still interact to work correctly

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31
Q

What is hierarchal organization?

A

Each successively higher level of the nervous system controls more complex areas of behavior

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32
Q

Where is memory located?

A

There is no one location in the brain for memory

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33
Q

What do neurons send?

A

An electrical signal

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34
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

Via neurotransmitters (chemical signals)

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35
Q

What is glia?

A

Hold neurons together and carry out supportive functions (insulation)

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36
Q

What is myelin?

A

Coating of neurons. The greater amount means the better the processing speed.

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37
Q

What are the major parts of the neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axons.

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38
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Acquire information, process information, and act on information.

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39
Q

What is a stroke?

A

The interruption of blood flow to the brain due to stroke kills brain cells.

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40
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Deficiency of blood flow to the brain

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41
Q

What is neuroanatomy?

A

Locations of layers, nuclei, and brain pathways are described within three reference frames:
with respect to other body parts,
with respect to their relative locations, and
with respect to viewer perspective

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42
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

Structures on the same side.

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43
Q

What is contralateral?

A

Structures on the opposite side.

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44
Q

What is bilateral?

A

Structures that lie in both hemispheres.

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45
Q

What is proximal?

A

Structures that are close together.

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46
Q

What is distal?

A

Structures that are far apart.

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47
Q

What is efferent?

A

Movement away from the brain structure.

48
Q

What is afferent?

A

Movement toward the brain structure.

49
Q

What is part of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

50
Q

What is the SNS?

A

To and from the sensory organs and the muscles, joints, and skin
Spinal and cranial nerves

51
Q

What is the ANS?

A

Balances the internal organs through the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

52
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Three layers of membranes inside skull and vertebrae

53
Q

What is the dura matter?

A

tough double layer of tissue enclosing the brain in a loose manner

54
Q

What is the arachnoid membrane?

A

middle, very thin sheet follows the brain’s contours

55
Q

What is the Pia mater?

A

inner and moderately tough tissue that clings to the brain’s surface

56
Q

What does the CNF circulate through?

A

4 ventricles, spinal column, and within the subarachnoid space in the meninges

57
Q

What are nuclei?

A

Well-defined group of cell bodies

Called “ganglia” in the PNS

58
Q

What is the tract?

A

Large collection of axons projecting to or away from a layer or nucleus within the CNS

59
Q

What are nerves?

A

Fibers and fiber pathways that enter and leave the CNS

But, once they enter the CNS, they are called tracts

60
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Hollow pockets of the brain filled with CSF

61
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Each spinal segment corresponds to a region on body’s surface.

62
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

63
Q

What does the sympathetic system do?

A

Arouses the body for action. “Fight or flight”

64
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do?

A

Calms the body down. “Rest and digest”

65
Q

What are the three regions of the brainstem?

A

Diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain

66
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates motor learning and other mental processes

67
Q

What would damage to the cerebellum cause?

A

equilibrium problems and postural defects; also impairs skilled motor activity

68
Q

What parts make up the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, & medulla

69
Q

What would damage to the reticular formation cause?

A

permanent unconsciousness

70
Q

Where is the reticular formation?

A

Lies within the hindbrain’s core mixture of nuclei & fibers

71
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Upper hindbrain

Connects the cerebellum with rest of brain

72
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Regulates vital functions such as breathing and the functioning of the cardiovascular system

73
Q

Parts of the midbrain?

A

Tectum and Tagmentum

74
Q

What is the tectum?

A

Sensory input from eyes and ears

75
Q

What does the tagmentum do?

A

Mediates orientation of movement

76
Q

What does the red nucleus do?

A

Controls limb movements

77
Q

What does the Substantia Nigra do?

A

Rewards behavior and initiates of movement

78
Q

What does the Periaqueductal Gray Matter

do?

A

Contains circuits for controlling species-typical behaviors (e.g., sexual behavior)
Modulates pain response

79
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Effects hormones
Takes part in nearly all aspects of motivated behavior: temp regulation, consciousness, feeding, sex, sleeping, emotional behavior

80
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Relays sensory information to appropriate targets
Relays information between cortical areas; e.g., visual areas of cortex interconnect with other brain regions through the Pulvinar nucleus
Relays information between forebrain and some brainstem regions

81
Q

What are the 3 main structures of the forebrain?

A

Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex

82
Q

3 parts of the basal ganglia?

A

Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Caudate Nucleus

83
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Supports stimulus-response learning

Functions in sequencing movements

84
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Emotion and species-typical behaviors

85
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Memory and spatial navigation

86
Q

What does the septum do?

A

Emotion and species-typical behavior

87
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A cleft in the cortex that is deep enough to indent the ventricles

88
Q

What is a sulci?

A

A shallow cleft in the cortex

89
Q

What is a gyri?

A

A ridge in the cortex

Prominent rounded elevation on the surface of the brain

90
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Info-conducting units of the nervous system

91
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Collects info from other cells

Increase cell’s surface area

92
Q

What is an axon?

A

extends out from cell body

93
Q

What is the terminal button?

A

at the end of each axon

sits close to the dendritic spine of another neuron

94
Q

What is a synapse?

A

space between the dendrite and the terminal button

95
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

chemical released from the terminal buttons that carries the message across the synapse

96
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Separates extracellular and intracellular substances
regulates movement of substances
regulates concentration of salts and other chemicals

97
Q

What is an ion?

A

charged particles
cannot freely enter the cell due to the polar surface
are repelled, blocked, or bound

98
Q

How do substances cross the membrane?

A

embedded proteins act as gates to provide influx and efflux to substances such as large ions

99
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

contains blueprints for proteins
consists of DNA
double-helical structure

100
Q

What are the four nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine & Thymine

Guanine & Cytosine

101
Q

What is a gene?

A

segment of DNA

functional units that control the transmission and expression of traits from one generation to the next

102
Q

What are amino acids?

A

building blocks of proteins

103
Q

What are channels?

A

some membrane proteins create a channel or hole through which a substance can pass

104
Q

What are gates?

A

some proteins can change shape, creating gated channels that open and close
changes shape when another chemical binds to them or in response to electrical charge or temperature change

105
Q

What are pumps?

A

a shape changing protein that acts as a transporter protein, a molecule that actively moves substances across the cell membrane

106
Q

What are neurons at rest?

A

unequal distribution of ions

intracellular fluid has a negative charge relative to extracellular fluid

107
Q

What is the action potential?

A

Brief but extremely large flip in the polarity of an axon’s membrane
Voltage across the membrane reverses and the inside becomes positive relative to the outside

108
Q

When does the action potential occur?

A

when a large graded potential that causes depolarization of the membrane occurs

109
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

voltage changes occur at one point on the membrane and bring adjacent points to threshold potential

110
Q

With large axon there is a _____ transmission of the action potential

A

quick

111
Q

With small axon there is a _____ transmission of the action potential

A

slow

112
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

insulation around an axon

113
Q

What makes up the myelin sheath?

A

Glial cells

114
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Neuron’s cell body

115
Q

What is white matter?

A

Axon’s that are myelinated

Neuropsychology (7 decks)

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