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med surg iv > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Insufficient oxygen transferred to the blood.
Low oxygen

“Oxygenation failure”

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2
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Inadequate CO2 removal
High CO2

“Ventilary failure”

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3
Q

Adequate PaO2

A

80-100

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4
Q

What is acute respiratory failure?

A

Sudden, life threatening deterioration of the gas exchange function of the lung

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5
Q

Adequate PaCO2

A

35-45

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6
Q

Adequate pH

A

7.35-7.45

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7
Q

Low respirations results in what?

A

Hypercapnia

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8
Q

Low CO2 =

A

High O2

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9
Q

Low O2 =

A

High CO2

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10
Q

Percentage of room air

A

21%

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11
Q

1 Liter of O2 =

A

3-4%

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12
Q

Increased retention of CO2 =

A

Low pH

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13
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Breathing (lung and heart)

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14
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood flow (gas exchange)

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15
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

alveolar collapse (train station collapse)

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16
Q

Name the 2 types of shunting

A

Anatomic shunt

Intrapulmonary shunt

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17
Q

What is shunting?

A

When blood exits the heart without gas exchange

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18
Q

What is I : E?

A

Inhale : Exhale

1 : 2

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19
Q

What does the phrenic nerve do?

A

tells the diaphragm to breathe

20
Q

How do you get lactic acidosis?

A

from working out

21
Q

Cardiac output =

A

Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)

22
Q

CBC

A

WBC
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Platelets

23
Q

Patient has O2 sat of 82%, what would you do first?

A

Sit patient up!!

24
Q

Is there better gas exchange in the apex or base of lungs?

A

Base

25
Q

Diffusion limitation

A

Thickened membranes (scar tissue) prevent gas exchange

26
Q

Examples of diffusion limitation

A

Severe emphysema
Pulmonary fibrosis
ARDS

27
Q

What is anatomic shunt?

A

Blood passes through defect in heart bypassing lungs

28
Q

What is intrapulmonary shunt?

A

Happens inside the lungs, but does not participate in gas exchange

29
Q

3 diseases related to the thoracic cavity that cause hypercapnic respiratory failure

A

Asthma
COPD
Cystic fibrosis

30
Q

4 categories of diseases that may cause limited ventilatory supply

A
  • Airway & alveoli abnormalities
  • CNS abnormalities
  • Chest wall abnormalities
  • Neuromuscular conditions
31
Q

What is ventilatory supply?

A

gas flow in and out of the lungs

32
Q

What is ventilatory demand?

A

the amount of ventilation needed to keep the PaCO2 within normal limits.

33
Q

Early signs of respiratory failure

A

Restlessness, confusion
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Mild hypertension

34
Q

Adequate MAP

A

Less than or equal to 65

35
Q

Best prevention of respiratory failure

A

Early recognition of respiratory distress

36
Q

___ in the brain is a vasodilator

A

CO2

37
Q

Clinical manifestations of respiratory failure (3)

A

Metabolic acidosis & cell death
Decreased cardiac output
Impaired renal function (low B/P)

38
Q

No blood flow to kidney =MAP of ?

A

greater than 60

39
Q

Diagnostics for respiratory failure

A 
Health history
Physical assessment
**Chest X-ray
ECG/EKG (lack of O2, electrolytes, possible MI)
CBC, electrolytes
Urinalysis
Sputum/blood cultures
V/Q lung scan (RARE)
Pulmonary artery catheter (Severe cases)
40
Q

What should the lungs look like on a normal chest xray?

A

Black-filled with air

41
Q

What does it mean if the lungs are white on a chest xray?

A

the lungs are filled with fluid

42
Q

What can O2 toxicity cause?

A

Atelectasis

43
Q

Ways to mobilize secretions

A
  • Hydration and humidification
  • Chest physiotherapy
  • Airway suctioning
  • Effective coughing and breathing
44
Q

What is PPV?

A

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (intubation)

45
Q

Noninvasive PPV

A

Bi-Pap-inhalation & exhalation

CPAP-continuous positive airway pressure (inhalation)

med surg iv (12 decks)

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