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Motivation and Emotion > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy in motivation

A

behavior that is relatively strong and persistent.

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2
Q

direction in motivation

A

behavior that is aimed towards achieving a particular purpose or goal.

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3
Q

the core problems that are solved in Motivation study

A

What starts behavior

How is behavior sustained over time

Why is behavior directed toward some ends but away from others?

Why does behavior change its direction

Why does behavior stop

Why does it change in energy.

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4
Q

the four processes that give motivation its energy and direction

A

needs
Cognition
emotions
external events

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5
Q

Hierarchy of the Four Sources of Motivation

A 
motivation 
                      ^
internal .          external motives 
      ^
cognition emotions needs
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6
Q

needs

A

The conditions within an individual that are both essential and necessary for the maintenance of life, nurturance of growth and well being.

Needs generate wants and desires
Needs can be physical or psychological

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7
Q

Cognition

A

These are mental events, thoughts, beliefs, expectations.

Cognitive sources of motivations revolve around a persons way of thinking.

Includes plans, goals and beliefs in abilities and expectations for success or failure.

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8
Q

Emotions

A

Emotions are short-lived subjective. They orchestrate and organize four different aspects of experience:

  • Feelings; subjective verbal descriptions of emotional experience
  • Physiological preparedness; how our bodies physically mobilizes itself to meet situational demands
  • Expression; how we communicate our emotions publicly to others
  • Emotions allow us to anticipate and to react adaptively to important events in our lives.
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9
Q

Expressions of Motivation

A

Behavior
engagement
brain and physiology activations
self report

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10
Q

behavioral expressions of motivation

A 
Attention 
Effort 
Latency 
Persistence 
Choice 
Probability of response 
Facial Expressions 
Bodily gestures
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11
Q

engagement

A

Our behavioral investment, how actively involved they’re in a task.

behavioral engagement
emotional engagement
cognitive engagement
voice

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12
Q

behavioral engagement

A

attention
effort
persistence

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13
Q

emotional engagement

A

interest
enjoyment
low anger
low frustration

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14
Q

cognitive engagement

A

sophisticated learning strategies (numonics)

active self-regulation (setting timelines for yourself).

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15
Q

voice

A

Offers Suggestions

Makes Contributions

Asks Questions

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16
Q

brain and physiological activity as expressions of motivation

A

Brain activity - activation of certain brain structures such as the amygdala (fear) or prefrontal cortex (attention and setting goals)

Hormonal activity - chemicals in saliva or blood, such as cortisol (stress) or catecholamines (fight-or-flight reaction).

Ocular activity eye behavior - pupil size (pupil decreasing, increasing focus: extent of mental activity), eye blinks (changing cognitive states), and eye movements (steering into nothing: reflective through)

Electrodermal - electrical changes on the surface of the skin, expressing threat activity or stimulus significance)

Skeletal activity - activity of the musculature, as with facial expressisons (specific emotion) and bodily gestures (desire to leave).

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17
Q

thoughts behind Motivation Benefits Adaptation

A

We need to take corrective action that can preserve and enhance well being as circumstances and environments constantly change.

Motivation and emotions provide resources to allow us to respond to environmental change. When motivation sours, personal adaptation suffers

Directs attention and prepares action

Motives have a way of gaining and sometimes demanding our attention so that we attend to one aspect of the environment over another

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18
Q

salience

A

the quality of being particularly noticeable or important; prominence.

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19
Q

Using Motivational Theories

to Solve Practical Problems

A

Practical Problem - bad grades

Given What I know About Human Motivation & Emotion - adding theory to increase motivation

Proposed Solution/ Intervention, if any - will my implications help or hinder/harm

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20
Q

Plato

A
  • Bodily appetites (sex, hunger)
  • socially referenced standards of competition (e.g. honor or shame)
  • calculating basis of decision making (e.g. choosing, reason)
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21
Q

Aristotle

A
  • nutritive (impulsive, irrational, animal-like bodily urges necessary for the maintenance of life)
  • sensitive (also bodily urges, but regulated by pleasure and pain)
  • Rational (unique to humans. Intellectual and includes WILL)
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22
Q

Dualism

A

based off theories of Thomas Aquinas and Descartes

  • The mind is rational, intelligent and spiritual
  • The body is irrational, impulsive and biological
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23
Q

Grand theories

A

Will, instinct, drive (theories that try to explain all of a behavior, or motivation.

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24
Q

Instinct

A

Based off Darwin theory (our drive was based off our genes)

Physiological analysis of motivation by focusing on the mechanistic.

The appeal of instinct doctrine was its ability to explain unlearned behavior that had energy and purpose

(i.e., goal-directed biological impulses).

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25
Q

William James

A

Popularized Darwin theories on instinct.

(physical instincts and psychological instincts). one of the founders of psychology.

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26
Q

Drive

A

Drive theory view that behavior was motivated to the extent that it served the needs of the organism and restored a biological homeostasis.

The function of behavior is to service bodily needs
The two most widely accepted models of Drive were proposed by Freud and Hull

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27
Q

A SUMMARY OF FREUD’S DRIVE THEORY

A

Source
Impetus
Object
Aim

once a bodily deficit begins, the body is taken out of homeostasis and won’t return to normal until homeostasis is restored

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28
Q

HULL’S DRIVE THEORY

A

sEr = sHr x D

the strength of the behavior = the habit of behavior time the drive

Added external behaviors to take into consideration external drives

K = Incentive motivation

Essentially stated that our behavior can become predictable.

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29
Q

Decline of GRAND THEORIES

A

Will - The philosophical study of the will turned out to be a dead end that explained very little about motivation, as it actually raised more questions than it answered.

Instinct - The physiological study of the instinct proved to be an intellectual dead end as well, as it became clear that “naming is not explaining.”

Drive - Drive theory proved itself to be overly limited in scope, and with its rejection came the field’s disillusionment with grand theories in general, though several additional grand motivational principles emerged with some success, including incentive and arousal.

30
Q

Post-Drive Grand Theories

A

Incentive -

Behavior is motivated by reward (hedonism). Through learning people formed expectations of gratification
incentives and expectancies
motivation can arise through experience rather than biology
3) motivation can change from moment-to-moment

Arousal -

1) Aspects of the environment (e.g. how stimulating, novel or stressful) effect the arousal state of the brain
2) Arousal has a curvilinear relationship to behavior
Low arousal = boredom
High arousal = fear, anxiety
3) Essentially drive theory defined in terms of neurophysiology and cognition

31
Q

Cortisol

A

the stress hormone

32
Q

Three principles of Motivated and Emotional Brains

A

Day to day events stir biochemical agents into action (loss of fluids) which cause biochemical agents to stimulate these brain structures (Drive) which cause brain structures to generate specific motivational states (thirst).

33
Q

steps that attribute to the motivated brain

A

Environmental event (food deprivation from dieting) causes a biochemical agent (the hormone Ghrelin) which affects brain structure (G stimulates the hypothalamus) which arouses the psychological experience of hunger (Motivation)

34
Q

Steps that activate the Emotional Brain

A

Environmental Event (Compliment) triggers the release of dopamine (Biochemical agent) which affects the brain structure (stimulates limbic structures) which causes a change in emotion (Feeling nice, pleasure)

35
Q

Two ways in which we can look inside the brain

A

Surgeon’s view

fMRI

36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that regulates a range of important biological functions. Including eating, drinking, and mat- ing (via the motivations for hunger, satiety, thirst, and sex) (1%)

Approach-Oriented

37
Q

Medial forebrain bundle

A

large collection of pathway-like fibers that connect the hypothalamus to other limbic structures. The “pleasure center” of the brain.

Approach-Oriented

38
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

processes such incentive-related information that helps people make choices between options, such as which product among many to buy or whether to drink orange juice or water.

Approach-Oriented

39
Q

Amygdala (meaning “almond-shaped”)

A

detects and responds to threatening and emotionally significant events, though each of its differ- ent nuclei serves a different function. Stimulation of one part of the amygdala generates emotional anger, while stimulation of another part generates emotional fear and defensive behavior.

Avoidance-Oriented

40
Q

Septal area

A

Pleasure center associated with sociability, sexuality

Approach-Oriented

41
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

plays a critical role in the experience of pleasure from naturally occurring reinforcers (good food, social acceptance) and drugs that contribute to addictions. It generates a “liking” reaction to different incoming sensations, such as food.

Approach-Oriented

42
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

involved in the control of day-to-day mood, volition, and making choices. Decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex is associated with felt sadness and depression. The anterior cingulate cortex is important to volition (will) and the mental activity underlying the act of making a choice.

Approach-Oriented

43
Q

Cerebral cortex

Frontal lobes

A

Making plans, setting goals, formulating intentions

Approach-Oriented

44
Q

Left prefrontal cerebral cortex

A

Approach motivational and emotional tendencies

Approach-Oriented

45
Q

Medial prefrontal cerebral cortex

A

Learning response-outcome contingencies that underlie perceived control beliefs and mastery motivation

Approach-Oriented

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

Behavior inhibition system during unexpected events

Avoidance-Oriented

47
Q

Right prefrontal cerebral cortex

A

Withdraw motivational and emotional tendencies

Avoidance-Oriented

48
Q

Behavioral Inhibition System Items

A

Behavioral reactions that to a negative stimulus

49
Q

Behavior Activation System

A

Behavioral reactions that to a positive stimulus

50
Q

Reticular Formation

A

plays a key role in arousal and in the process of awakening the brain’s motivational and emotional concerns. (mouse)

51
Q

Organization and functions of the Nervous System

A

NS
PNS (Nerves) CNS
^ (Brain&Spine)
Somatic S (Voluntary Muscles) Autonomic S (involuntary Muscles)

Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system

52
Q

Four motivationally relevant neurotransmitter pathways

A

(1) dopamine, which generates good feelings associated with reward
a. Tuberoinfundibular
b. Nigrostriatal
c. Mesocorticolimbic

(2) serotonin, which influences mood and emotion
(3) norepinephrine which regulates arousal and alertness
(4) endorphin, which inhibits pain, anxiety, and fear by generating good feelings to counter these negative feelings

53
Q

Four motivationally relevant neurotransmitter pathways

A

(1) dopamine, which generates good feelings associated with reward
a. Tuberoinfundibular: in hypothalamus
b. Nigrostriatal: Motor control
c. Mesocorticolimbic: Pleasure

(2) serotonin, which influences mood and emotion
(3) norepinephrine which regulates arousal and alertness
(4) endorphin, which inhibits pain, anxiety, and fear by generating good feelings to counter these negative feelings

54
Q

Axon

A

the storage facility for neurotransmitters.

55
Q

Synapse

A

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter..

This begins when neurotransmitters held in the axon move into the synapse (between the axon and dendrite (lining)) to another nerve. The receptor site binds with the neurotransmitters, changing potential.

56
Q

Receptor Theory

A

Only A specific Neurotransmitter will match with a specific receptor (Dopamine connects only to Dopamine receptor).

57
Q

Dopamine Affect

A

Dopamine Release&raquo_space; Emotional Positivity&raquo_space;
Enhanced Functioning
(Creativity and
Insightful problem solving)

58
Q

Dopaminergic

A

The dopamine pathway is particularly important to understanding motivation and emotion, as its primary motivational function is to generate positive feelings—an experience of pleasure or reward

59
Q

VTA

A

Regulator of dopamine output to parts of the brain, based off what a person expects and actually receives, in regards to rewards from a particular course of action.

60
Q

Dopamine release and incentives

A

Incentives (stimuli that foreshadow the imminent delivery of rewards) triggers dopamine release.

Stimuli that foreshadow the imminent delivery of rewards — pleasurable thought.

Example - Kush, smelling Kush, or just thinking about Kush.

61
Q

Dopamine Release and Reward

A

Dopamine release teaches us which events in the environments are rewarding.

To acquire—and continue to maintain—incentive motivational properties, then dopamine release needs to occur

62
Q

Dopamine and Motivated Action

A

Dopamine release activates voluntary goal-directed approach responses.

affects two brain events activation of voluntary goal-directed approach responses. The dopamine pathway includes an interface with the body’s muscular/motor system via the nucleus accumbens, which is the brain structure involved in the release of locomotion involved in goal-directed behavior . Thus, stimulation of the dopamine pathway increases the likelihood of approach behavior —partly because good feelings create approach motivation but also partly because activation of the motor system releases goal-directed approach behavior.

63
Q

Dangers of dopamine

A

Addictive drugs are potent reinforcers because their repeated usage produces hypersensitivity to dopamine stimulation.

64
Q

Liking and Wanting (use of dopamine)

A

Wanting is a motivational state that occurs prior to receiving a reward,
liking is a motivational state that occurs after reward receipt (pleasure of preference)

They usually go hand in hand but you can want something (drugs) even though you don’t necessarily like it.

For the full experience of reward, wanting and liking need to occur together.

65
Q

three integral hormones to motivation and emotion

A

Cortisol, Testosterone, and Oxytocin

66
Q

Cortisol

A

the so-called “stress hormone (Glucocorticoid).” When exposed to a stressor (test you’re unprepared for), a person’s hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical system reacts (regulator), releasing cortisol from the adrenal gland.

67
Q

Testosterone

A

underlies the mating effort—the investment of time and energy into same-sex competition and mate-seeking behavior.

For instance, high testosterone levels help Wall Street stockbrokers make more money (compete better) during the day’s trading.

High associated with cheating, while low associated with commitment and nurturing (single vs yolo).

68
Q

Oxytocin

A

known as the bonding hormone, is often referred to as the “tend and befriend stress response”. Helps people make attachments, confide in people during stress and is important in womens motivation.

69
Q

The H-P-A Axis

A

Controls the stress function. stress will cause the hypothalamus to activate crf in the anterior pituitary, creating acth in the adrenal glands in the kidneys. this will release cortisol in the kidneys that will go to the brain and cause more stress.

70
Q

The H-P-G Axis

A

controls the sexual functions (gnrh) goes to the anterior paturitary to lh (luteinizing hormone) and fsh (follicle stimulating hormone) go to the balls or ovaries which attribute to testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

71
Q

The social brain in motivation

A

Environmental events act as the natural stimulators of the brain’s basic motivational process.

72
Q

brain awareness in motivation

A

we Are Not Always Consciously Aware of the Motivational Basis of Our Behavior

Motivation and Emotion (5 decks)

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