EXAM 1 (Revised) Flashcards

Question

Intra‑organismic mechanisms

Answer 1

All of the biological regulatory systems within a person that act in concert to maintain and terminate physiological needs that underlie drive

Answer 2

All of the environmental influences that play a part in activating, maintaining and terminating psychological drive

Answer 3

a cold breeze.

Answer 4

1. Needs - 2. Cognition - 3. Emotions - 4. External Events

Answer 5

Emotions are short-lived subjective. They orchestrate and organize four different aspects of experience: - Feelings; subjective verbal descriptions of emotional experience - Physiological preparedness; how our bodies physically mobilizes itself to meet situational demands - Expression; how we communicate our emotions publicly to others - Emotions allow us to anticipate and to react adaptively to important events in our lives.

Answer 6

Hypothalamus Medial forebrain bundle Orbitofrontal cortex Septal area Nucleus Accumbens Anterior cingulate cortex Cerebral cortex (Frontal lobes) Left prefrontal cerebral cortex Medial prefrontal cerebral cortex

Answer 7

Right prefrontal cerebral cortex Hippocampus Amygdala (meaning “almond-shaped”)

Answer 8

Part of the brain that regulates a range of important biological functions. Including eating, drinking, and mat- ing (via the motivations for hunger, satiety, thirst, and sex) (1%) Approach-Oriented

Answer 9

large collection of pathway-like fibers that connect the hypothalamus to other limbic structures. The “pleasure center” of the brain. Approach-Oriented

Answer 10

processes such incentive-related information that helps people make choices between options, such as which product among many to buy or whether to drink orange juice or water. Approach-Oriented

Answer 11

detects and responds to threatening and emotionally significant events, though each of its differ- ent nuclei serves a different function. Stimulation of one part of the amygdala generates emotional anger, while stimulation of another part generates emotional fear and defensive behavior. Avoidance-Oriented

Answer 12

Pleasure center associated with sociability, sexuality Approach-Oriented

Answer 13

plays a critical role in the experience of pleasure from naturally occurring reinforcers (good food, social acceptance) and drugs that contribute to addictions. It generates a “liking” reaction to different incoming sensations, such as food. (pleasure and reward center) Approach-Oriented

Answer 14

involved in the control of day-to-day mood, volition, and making choices. Decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex is associated with felt sadness and depression. The anterior cingulate cortex is important to volition (will) and the mental activity underlying the act of making a choice. Approach-Oriented

Answer 15

Making plans, setting goals, formulating intentions Approach-Oriented

Answer 16

Approach motivational and emotional tendencies Approach-Oriented

Answer 17

Learning response-outcome contingencies that underlie perceived control beliefs and mastery motivation Approach-Oriented

Answer 18

Behavior inhibition system during unexpected events Avoidance-Oriented

Answer 19

Withdraw motivational and emotional tendencies Avoidance-Oriented

Answer 20

Leads to emotional positivity, which can enhance functioning and creativity

Answer 21

Dopamine release teaches us which events in the environments are rewarding. To acquire—and continue to maintain—incentive motivational properties, then dopamine release needs to occur

Answer 22

Dopamine release activates voluntary goal-directed approach responses. affects two brain events activation of voluntary goal-directed approach responses. The dopamine pathway includes an interface with the body’s muscular/motor system via the nucleus accumbens, which is the brain structure involved in the release of locomotion involved in goal-directed behavior . Thus, stimulation of the dopamine pathway increases the likelihood of approach behavior —partly because good feelings create approach motivation but also partly because activation of the motor system releases goal-directed approach behavior.

Answer 23

Psychological are inherent within the strivings of human nature and healthy development, where social are internalized or learned from our emotional and socialization histories.

Answer 24

When taken as a whole, multiple negative feedback systems for thirst satiety exist—in the mouth, stomach, and cells.

Answer 25

The most important environmental influence for drinking is taste The incentive values for four tastes are: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter, Using tasteless (pure) water as a baseline (no pleasantness), any taste is slightly pleasant at a very low intensity (even bitter to a small extent). At more substantial rate sweet is preferred and sour and bitter is not.

Answer 26

People had more licks of ice cream in social settings than alone.

Answer 27

People had more licks of ice cream in social settings than alone. Additionally, if theres more variety, men and females had more licks of ice cream. only difference was when men had more variety in a social setting.

Answer 28

underlies the mating effort—the investment of time and energy into same-sex competition and mate-seeking behavior. For instance, high testosterone levels help Wall Street stockbrokers make more money (compete better) during the day’s trading. High associated with cheating, while low associated with commitment and nurturing (single vs yolo).

Answer 29

- Describe male sexual motivation

Answer 30

much simpler - what happens when we lose volume I.e. give blood, cut self, bleeding internally - causes a decrease in the volume of fluids in the extracellular space

Answer 31

comes when we have fluid loss in extracellular component - causes fluids of the intracellular component to rush out and dilute the salts of the extracellular component, causing those cells to shrink

Answer 32

Glucostatic & Limbostatic

Answer 33

Argues that blood-sugar levels are critical to hunger—when blood glucose drops, people feel hungry and want to eat According to the glucostatic hypothesis, appetite rises and falls in response to changes in plasma glucose

Answer 34

when the mass of fat stored drops below its homeostatic balance, adipose tissue secretes hormones (e.g., ghrelin) into the bloodstream to promote weight gain motivation that increases food intake Alternatively, when the mass of fat stored increases above its homeostatic balance, adipose tissue secretes hormones (e.g., leptin) into the bloodstream to reduce food intake and promote weight loss motivation

Answer 35

The amount of testosterone and estrogen that is produced in the adrenal gland, which is controlled by the hypothalamus. Men have higher testosterone so they fuck everything.

Answer 36

The amount of testosterone and estrogen that is produced in the adrenal gland, which is controlled by the hypothalamus. Men have higher testosterone so they fuck everything. (titty milk) #lumpyshit #sweet cashew

Answer 37

Regulator of dopamine output to parts of the brain, based off what a person expects and actually receives, in regards to rewards from a particular course of action.

Answer 38

males compete & females choose - success as an organism is dependent on you passing your genes onto another generation - biological standpoint: for males, success = reproduction for male; to pass on their genes - females - also need to pass genes on, but have added burden of also having to raise those offspring and bring them to sexual maturity, she invests so much into each of them; thus fights harder to keep them alive.

Answer 39

mental step-by-step representation of an individuals impression of what a typical sexual encounter would be like - begins in puberty - seems to be stronger in young men than young women - maturational (hopefully) as we gain experience, our sexual scripts will change - major part = allowing an individual to personalize their sexual orientation.

Answer 40

Basically it’s a universal set of characteristics that we all find attractive I.e. eyebrows, chin etc… - divided facial characteristics into 3 categories: 1. Neonatal (men look for large eyes & a small nose — women look for a strong chin) 2. Sexually mature (I.e. men look for high cheek bones — women look for a wide smile) 3. Expressive (I.e. a wide smile)

Answer 41

Incentives Consequences Rewards

Answer 42

Spontaneity

Answer 43

Positive Reinforcer - any environmental stimulus that, when presented, increases the future probability of the desired behavior. Negative Reinforcer - any environmental stimulus that, when removed, increases the future probability of the desired behavior Punisher - any environmental stimulus that, when presented, decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior

Answer 44

Positive Reinforcer - any environmental stimulus that, when presented, increases the future probability of the desired behavior. Negative Reinforcer - any environmental stimulus that, when removed, increases the future probability of the desired behavior

Answer 45

Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness ———> Psychological Need Satisfaction ———> Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 46

Benefits of intrinsic motivation - they show a greater degree of persistence (compared to extrinsic motivation) - also brings about creativity (intrinsically motivated people are more creative) - also have a higher conceptual understanding/high-quality learning (intrinsics like to understand the process, rather than memorize facts) - are more optimally functioning and have better well-being (tend to be more well off generally, greater vitality, lower levels of anxiety).

Answer 47

A extrinsic reward enlivens positive emotion and facilitates reward-directed behavior because it signals the opportunity for a personal gain. Rewards work. Rewards increase desired behavior when they signal in the recipient an unexpected and imminent personal gain. As rewards become routinely predictable however, they lose their capacity to trigger dopamine release and hence lose their capacity to energize reward-directed behavior.

Answer 48

The imposition of an extrinsic reward undermines future intrinsic motivation. The reward’s adverse effect on intrinsic motivation is the hidden cost.

Answer 49

asserts that all external events have both a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. This theory presumes that people have psychological needs for autonomy and competence. It is the controlling aspect of an external event that affects the person’s need for autonomy whereas it is the informational aspect that affects the person’s need for competence.

Answer 50

- When a person is neurotic, their self is split between an idealized self and a real self. As a result, neurotic individuals feel that they somehow do not live up to the ideal self. They feel that there is a flaw somewhere in comparison to what they "should" be. The real self then degenerates into a "despised self", and the neurotic person assumes that this is the "true" self. Thus, the neurotic is like a clock's pendulum oscillating between "perfection" and a manifestation of self-hate. This phenomenon is known as the "Tyranny of the Should’s" and the neurotic's hopeless"search for glory”. These ingrained traits of the psyche forever prevent an individual's potential from being actualized unless the cycle of neurosis is somehow broken, through treatment or life lessons.

Answer 51

Providing rationale provides in depth reason why you should do that task - as that rationale becomes clearer, a task that had no intrinsic motivation initially, can start to become internalized and integrated - giving this rationale allows you to provide a momentary spark that provides reason to do task

Answer 52

Self-determination theory organismic model

Answer 53

people are inherently active & the person-environment dialectic - we live in an ever changing environment that provides opportunities to fulfill needs, meet a challenge, maximize growth - but there are obstacles to reaching that - as the environment changes, its going to change us and also we are changing it - a never ending feedback loop between person and environment

Answer 54

based on the ever-changing environment - based on what the environment provides and how we react - thought and interaction

Answer 55

person brings certain things to the table - use all of those to interact with the environment - a proactive person seeks out challenges in the environment - whether we’re successful in impacting the environment depends on the opportunities that the environment provides

Answer 56

Psychological needs - trying to seek new challenges, explore and master new tasks - means we use to grow, enhance development - growth needs - help us grow as an individual

Answer 57

Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness

Answer 58

Not all choices promote autonomy - a lot of things masquerade choice but don’t truly give choice - I.e. paper on extrinsic vs intrinsic vs paper on motivation, get a greater sense of autonomy from the ladder When you give someone true choice, it allows them to reflect their values and interests which leads to increased sense of autonomy

Answer 59

based on how free we feel we are - we want to decide for ourself what it is we do - we don’t want to be told what we have to do - things that lead to increased sense of autonomy: perceived locus of causality (we want the reason we do something to come from within us, we want to be the origin of our behavior rather than a pawn) (origins vs pawns) - We want to freely accept the behavior (Volition) - all of autonomy is based on something we perceive, we don’t need, just have to think we do

Answer 60

1. An internal perceived locus of causality - 2. Volition - 3. Perceived choice

Answer 61

Structure: gives us a framework to plan our activities - gives you clearly defined goal in sight and strategies on how to get there - strategies bridges into failure tolerance - treat failure as a learning opportunity

Answer 62

Must have the optimal balance between challenge and skill - when you get that optimal challenge for your skill set, you theoretically achieve flow (Scale: boredom — optimal challenge — anxiety)

Answer 63

Feedback. You don’t know that you’re being challenged until you get some feedback. It could be Internal or External (could be as simple as: this test was a lot harder than I thought it would be - or as simple as: weight training - picking up the weight and thinking wow, that is heavier than I thought it would be)

Answer 64

sense of how capable you are with interacting with your environment; you have the skills it takes to complete this task

Answer 65

Has to do with Relatedness - need to be emotionally connected to others - want positive interactions with others - we want these relationships to go in both directions - communal: individuals have each others back regardless, help each other meet their needs & desires without looking for something in return - exchange: you are looking to get something out of it.

Answer 66

Why does behavior start?* - Why does behavior vary in its intensity?* - Once begun, why is behavior sustained over time? - Why is behavior directed toward some goals yet away from others? - Why does behavior change its direction? - Why does behavior stop?

Answer 67

(Glucostatic is the short-term hunger regulation ~ Lipostatic is the long-term metabolic needs)

Answer 68

Incentive - an environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action; incentives always precede behavior; the incentive value of an environment is learned through experience (learning process = conditioning). Both incentives and consequences are external events that direct behavior, however, incentives always precede behavior and they attract or repel the initiation of behavior. Consequences always follow behavior and increase or decrease the persistence of behavior.

Answer 69

Set point - each individual has a biologically determined body weight that is set by genetics. Settling point - body weight is culturally controlled; ideal body weight determined by the culture you live in I.e. some cultures = being overweight as a sign of affluence (America)

Answer 70

Competence, Relatedness, Autonomy Of the 3 psychological needs, competence is the most maturational - as we continue to engage in something, we will continuously increase our level of competence

Answer 71

Structure provides clear expectations - provides timely performance feedback - provides optimal challenge - these are all signs of structure

Answer 72

sense of how capable you are with interacting with your environment, you have the skills it takes to complete this task

Answer 73

close emotional feeling with others, I.e. competition, some types of competition lead to a sense of relatedness - I.e. social drinker, relates to need for relatedness

Answer 74

CRF (released from Hypothalamus; the releasing factor)—> gets into circulation —> goes to anterior pituitary —> ACTH —> adrenal gland —> release of cortisol —> functions through negative feedback to turn off ACTH

Answer 75

do not need to know specific hormones, just know the particular pathways and what the end product does (I.e. cortisol = response to stress)

Answer 76

External regulation - recycle for 5 cents to get the 5 cents Introjected - do it because you should / feel like you have to do it Identified - there is a particular reason for it Integrated regulation - do it because it expresses who you are and how you view yourself

Answer 77

must get fluid into cells to relieve thirst - it is the intracellular compartment that drives thirst

Answer 78

Dorsal Raphe - In the brain stem - the cell bodies that make the serotonin are found in the brain stem - from there, the cell bodies send their projections all over the brain - made only in the brain stem but they spread all over the brain.

Answer 79

3 of these pathways - 1st: Hypothalamic (entirely in the hypothalamus) 2nd: Nigrostriatal (goes from substantia nigra —> striatal - involved in memory, habit formation & fine motor control - involved in Parkinson’s 3rd: Mesocorticolimbic (projection) - cell bodies next to substantia nigra in mesocephalon —> VTA —> Nucleus Accumbens & prefrontal cortex (both at the same time) - This is the REWARD PATHWAY - (everything related to reward releases dopamine and goes to the nucleus accumbens)

EXAM 1 (Revised) Flashcards

(106 cards)