Test 1 Flashcards
Located on petrous part of temporal bone.
Sup drains to transverse sinus
Inf drains to internal jugularV.
Sup and inf petrosal sinuses
Muscles of the face are innervated by?
Facial nerve.
Cranial nerve VII
Endodermal out pocketing from rostral foregut between adjacent arches
Branchial pouch
The refractive power of a lens
Diopter
Common part of ear for ear infections?
Middle ear (otitis media)
Action of medial rectus
Adduct
Two things of importance that are found in the nasopharynx?
Adenoids (pharyngeals tonsils)
Opening of auditory tubes
What is responsible for the circular, antagonistic, center-surround receptive fields of bipolar cells??
Horizontal cells laterally inhibit photoreceptors
Action ; Depressor anguli oris
Tragedy muscle
Arteries that pass through the suboccipital triangle
Vertebral artery
Occipital artery
What directions of eye movement are limited due to having “check ligaments’’
Medial and lateral rotation are limited due to check ligaments
Vibrating lips that arise from the entire upper edge of the arch of cricoid
Conus elasticus
The branch of the facial nerve responisble for visceral motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the lacrimal gland and the mucous glands of the nose and the palate .. also does visceral sensory innervation to the nasopharynx
Greater petrosal nerve
Pushing the temporal lobe through the temporal notch
Uncal herniation.
Innervation to efferents. Autonomics, smooth muscles (including arrector pilae muscles of skin), blood vessels, and secretomotor to glands
Visceral motor
Obstruction of the tarsal glands in the tarsal plate
Chalazion
The degree of damage to the ear secondary to loud sounds is a function of
Loudness and duration of exposure
A disturbance of the normal fluid balance between different fluid compartments
Edema
Vertebral A. Enters skull thru the ____
Foramen magnum
What passes between middle and inferior constrictor muscles?
Superior laryngeal artery
Internal laryngeal nerve
In the craniovertebral joint, the anterior longitudinal ligament becomes the
Anterior atlantooccipital membrane( C1 thru occipital)
Enhances the effectiveness of the active pathway by inhibiting or suppressing output from an antagonistic pathway
Feedforward inhibition.
A leaf shaped cartilage that is posterior to the roof of the tongue.
Connected to the hyoid at its body and to the posterior side of the thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Measurement of ntraocular pressure
Tonometry
The first branchial membrane forms the
Tympanic membrane
The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and membrana tectoria fuse to the
Dura
Where does the carotid artery pass thru the cavernous sinus?
Carotid siphon
Hard to diagnose, has no external swelling, but can possibly block the airway, or spread unimpeded to the thorax
Retropharyngeal abscess
Pretracheal and retropharyngeal lymph nodes make up the
Deep ring
Vision when only rods are activated, under the lowest levels of illumination
Scotopic vision
Floor of the middle ear is what?
Jugular foramen (jugular vein can rupture into middle ear)
Change pitch of sound with
Thyroid and cricoid joint
CSF pH is regulated through ?
Bicarbonate ion and proton transport
Shape of hematoma in epidural hematoms on imaging.
Lens shaped, ( biconvex )
Sinus in the lateral fixed part of tentorium.
Receives blood from the superior sagittal or confluens
Transverse sinus
Cranial nerves that make up the somatic motor axons
III, IV, VI
XII
Muscle that is not working in Bell’s Palsy which makes it dificult to chew.
Buccinator
This type of calcium channels open at more modest levels of depolarization, typically between resting potential and action potential threshold, but are also rapidly inactivated at these potentials
Low-voltage activated
Or
Transient (T-type)
Normal intraocular pressure?
15 +/- 2 mm Hg
Superior sagittal sinus receives blood from?
Brain, orbit, and emissary veins
A fold that covers the sella turcica
Diaphragma sella
The upper part of the neurocranium that covers the cranial cavity containing the brain
Calvarium
Pupil constriction
Miosis
Sinus in upper border of falx cerebri
Superior sagittal sinus
Cranial nerves for eye movement
III, IV, VI
Stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus
Reaction
Division of the autonomic nervous system who’s role is to conserve and store resources. ?
Parasympathetic nervous system ( rest and digest )
Cartilage of larynx that has a complete ring w a narrow anterior arch and a broad posterior lamina
Cricoid
The nerves of the cervical plexus emerge from where?
The posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Innervation to precise sensation, sensory to skin, joints, muscle and tendon receptor endgins in the head, also nasal and oral cavity
Somatic sensory
Clinical test for frontalis in Bell’s Palsy
Raise eyebrow
A group of diseases characterized by the damage to the optic nerve
Glaucoma
Apical membrane surface of choroid plexus epithelial cells faces
Into the ventricle
Insertion: tensor tympani muscle
Handle of malleus
Swelling of pharyneal tonsils
Adenoids
The outer 1/3 of the external auditory meatus is what? And contains what?
Cartilage
Contains ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands, and hair
Abducts or adducts the vocal cords
Arytenoid and cricoid cartilages
Located where the suspensory ligaments attach to the eyeball
Ciliary muscle
Hearing loss as a result of an issue with the outer or middle ear.
Conductive hearing loss
Increases contrast between stimuli and helps to maintain the resolving power of a sensory system
Lateral and surround inhibition
A progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea which distorts vision due to altered refraction across the cornea
Keratoconus
Insertion ; stapedius
Neck of stapes
Branch of cervical plexus that provides the sensory innervation to the skin of the anterior neck?
Transverse cervical (C2 C3)
Junction of temporal, sphenoid parietal and frontal bones
Pterion
Muscle of opposite arm or leg
Contralateral muscle
A lens that diverges light
Concave lens
Forms superior parathyroid gland and c cells of thyroid gland (which produce calcitonin)
Pouch 4
Sounds seem to loud
Hyperacousia
A gradual, age related decrease in the ability of the eye to do accomodation.
Presbyopia
The branch of the facial nerve responsible for the taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Also responsible for the parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular glands and the salivary glands
Chorda tympani
Falx cerebri is an infolding of wha?
The inner membrane of the dura mater (true dura)
Type of edema that can be caused by over secretion of CSF or impairment of absorption of CSF. Characterized by increased CSF pressure within the ventricles which ends up causing increased fluid in the brain parenchyma.
Interstitial edema
Part 3 of the subclavian artery is ____ to the scalenus anterior?
Lateral
General swelling of the whole body, usually due to abnormal fluid retention in the tissues
Anasarca
What does closing the respiratory system with the larynx allow for?
Increasing abdominal pressure
Progressive loss of hearing, especially for higher frequencies, which is common with aging
Presbycusis
Avascular, transparent layer over anterior eyes, aids in focusing light, irregularities - astigmatism
Cornea
Dilator nares; action
Dilate nostrils
Ligaments that hold the lens in place, attach radially around the eye. They are under constant tension during resting condition and pull the lens into a relatively flat shape.
Suspensory ligaments
Ligament that connects the epiglottis to the thyroid
Thyroepiglottic ligament
Incomplete formation of the confluens of sinuses causes ?
The straight sinus can join superior sagittal sinus at the confluens OR turn left.
Inferior parathyroid gland comes from
3rd branchial pouch
Which joint of the larynx is a synovial hinge joint which allows for the change in pitch of sound (tense or relax vocal cords) . Tilting motion.
Thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
High frequency sound waves move the basilar membrane
At the stiffer base
Membranes that link bones at birth
Fontanelles
Extracellular fluid bathing the apical surface of the hair cell
Endolymph
Viral infection associated w Bell’s Palsy
Herpes Simplex
The branch of the facial nerve that is responsible for the branchiomotor innervation to the stapedius muscle
Stapedial nerve
Group of interneurons that are interconnected. These produce activities in motor neurons and can generate rhythmic behaviors
Pattern generator
Action of the lateral rectus (CN VI)
Abduct eye
Drugs that prevent glaucoma by increasing ocular fluid reuptake
Prostaglandin analogs
Paraspathomimetics
Origin : tensor tympani muscle
Canal in anterior wall
Infection in the retropharyngeal space can spread unimpeded to ?
The thorax
Fovea has a higher cones and ____ ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion.
Lower ratio
Better at resolving fine detail
Contents of the suboccipital triangle?
Occipital artery
Vertebral artery
Greater occipital nerve
Suboccipital nerve
Smooth and cardiac muscle innervation, blood vessels, glands, and internal organ innervation
Visceral motor (parasympathetic)
Pain with bell’s palsy in the outer ear in the affected division of the ear is from?
Trigeminal neuralgia, due to CN’s V, VII, IX, X
Where are golgi tendon organs located?
Muscle tendons or connective tissue attachments
Irregular waveforms are perceived as
Noise
What is another name for the auditory tube?
Eustachian tube
Somatic sensory to the outer ear is innervated by?
V, VII, IX, X
Type of ciliary smooth muscle fiber that functions like a sphincter, when contracting, they decrease diameter, and release tension.
Circular fibers
A bleed into the potential space between the dura and arachnoid.
Bleeding often slow.
Subdural hematoma
Three ways for small molecules to pass through the choroid capillary endothelium
Diffusion thru endothelial cell membranes
Diffusion through fenestrations
Pinocytosis
Clinical significance of the buccinator muscle
Patient’s w/ bell’s palsy have difficulty eating food and will drool due to defects in buccinator.
Two parts of the vestibular labyrinth that are interconnected by fluid filled passages
Otolith organs
Semicircular canal
Cranial nerve for vision
II
The branchial pouch that forms the inferior parathyroid gland as well as the thymus gland
Branchial pouch 3
What muscles must you contract to perform valsalva maneuver (at level of rima glottidis)
Lateral crico-arytenoid to rotate medially and partially close
Arytenoideus to slide arytenoids and fully close.
Type of hematoma from a tear or aneurysm in the cerebral artery or cerebral vein.
Subarachnoid hematoma
Most important landmark in neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
Norepinephrine binds to which type of receptor?
Adrenergic
Types of adrenergic receptors that will cause smooth muscle contraction?
Alpha 1 and alpha 2
The pterygopalatine ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic actions of which cranial nerves and innervates which structures?
VII
Lacrimal gland and mucous glands of the oral and nasal cavities and the palate
Branchial pouch that forms the superior parathyroid and also the c-cells (calcitonin) of the thyroid
Pouch 4
Depressor labii Inferioris
Depresses lower lip.
Branchial fistulas are where in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Anterior
4 small bodies on each side, posterior to or within the thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Tonsil
Cerebellum
Lower edge of the quadrangular membrane
Vestibular ligament (false focal cords)
What movement does the epicranial aponeurosis allow ?
Anterior and posterior movement.
The otolith organs (utricle and saccule) are sensitive to
Linear acceleration
Low frequency sound waves will move the basilar membrane
Further up the membrane
What do the ossicles of the middle ear acting as a lever do to sound
Transforms the larger amplitude, lower frequency vibrations of air into smaller amplitude, higher force vibrations of fluid of the inner ear.
What is the medical term for tube through the tympanic membrane?
Tympanostomy
Peripheral retina has high ___
Rods, more sensitive to low light
Engorgement of the retinal veins
Papilledema
Connections of falx cerebri?
Anterior -> crista galli of ethmoid
Posterior -> blends into tentorium cerebelli
Part 1 of the subclavian artery is ____ to the scalenus anterior?
Medial
Sinus located in the upper border of falx cerebri. Anterior goes to foramen cecum posterior to transverse sinus. Communicates laterally w venous lacunae.
Superior sagittal sinus
The upper free edge of conus
Vocal ligaments
Perilymph resembles the makeup of
Cerebrospinal fluid
Loud sounds cause the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles to contract, increasing the rigidity of the ossicles and reducing sound conduction to the inner ear
Attenuation reflex
Innervation to Voluntary skeletal muscles (derived from somites)
Somatic motor nerves
Origin: stapedius
Posterior wall
Muscle that contains sense organ
Homonymous muscle
Type of ganglion cell that is 90% of all ganglions. It is able to differentiate in fine detail. Also has specificity to wavelengths. Sustained adaptation.
Parvocellular
Palpebral
Eyelid
Complex waveforms with regular patterns are perceived as
Musical sounds
External auditory meatus is ____ in children and ______ in adults
Straight
Curved
Venous drainage from the head all meets into the ?
Right IJ and Left IJ
Difference between diploic veins and emissary veins?
Diploic veins go from diploe layer of bones of calvarium into the venous sinuses in brain.
Emissary veins go from the scalp, transverse the calvarium and into the venous sinuses in brian.
Periosteum of outer side of calvarium
Pericranium
Blocking CN VII does what to lacrimal duct?
Decreases production of tears
Inward movement of the oval window results in
A downward movement of reissner’s membrane, downward movement of the endolymph filling the scala media, and downward movement of the basialr membrane
Things that are only innervated by sympathetics
Sweat glands
Peripheral blood vessels
Test in which the tuning fork is placed on the calvarium, and will cause a vibration directly in the cochlea and the patient will perceive it as sound
Weber test
Action: frontalis
Moves scalp. Raise eyebrows
What are the attachments of the epicranial aponeurosis?
Laterally to the temporal fascia
Frontalis muscle
Occipitalis muscle.
Tightly attaches to the skin and CT above it.
The 2 pyramidal shaped cartilages of the larynx that form a synovial joint with the cricoid.
Arytenoid
Cervical sinus is normally obliterated during development. If it persists and connects to the skin this is called ?
Branchial cyst fistula.
Found anterior to the sternocleidomastoid
Type of edema. Decreased ATP from metabolic poisoning, hypoxia, anoxia, or ischemia causes failure of fluid balance (Na/K atpase for example) this leads to increased osmotic pressure and influx of water from extracellular to intracellular. This damages the cells.
Cytotoxic edema
The orientation of this makes it most sensitive to acceleration in the horizontal plane (front-back and left-right)
Utricular macula
The process through which the refractive power of the lens is changed
Accomodation
The bending of light ways at an angled interface
Refraction
Upper motor neuron damage shown in babinski reflex
Extension of big toe (dorsiflexion)
Peak incidence of otitis media?
5 years old
Dorsal ramus C1, motor to suboccipital muscles,
Found in suboccipital triangle
Suboccipital nerve
Sinus in middle cranial fossa. On side of the body of sphenoid bone.
Receives blood from sup and inf opthalmic veins, cerebral veins
Drains to sup and inf petrosal sinus
Cavernous sinus
The distance between a convex lens at which parallel light rays converge
Focal length
Muscles innervated by the abducens?
Lateral rectus
Zygomaticus (major and minor)
Raise upper lip and pull laterally
Roles of the pigmented epithelium
Absorb excess light to prevent scattering and keep image sharp
Renew photopigments
Phagocytose photoreceptor disks
What are the two functions of the larynx?
Sound production.
Closes respiratory system
How might you treat a prolonged otitis media?
Tympanostomy. (Tube through the tympanic membrane)
Pressure waves which are too low in frequency for humans to perceive
Infrasound
An abnormal mass of blood outside a blood vessel
Hematoma
Apical borders are joined by _____ which prevent diffusion through spaces between cells
Tight junctions
Gelatinous fluid of the eye which is composed primarily of elongated proteoglycans
Vitreous humor
What type of innervation is responsible for the imprecise localization of pain in middle ear infections?
Cranial nerve IX, visceral sensory
Sinus at the junction of falx cerebri and tentorium
Straight sinus
Damage to the medial rectus (CN III) causes what?
Lateral strabismus (wall eyed)
What passes between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medial
Brachial plexus, SUbclavian A.
What intraocular pressure levels are concerning for, if maintained, developing glaucoma
Pressures over 20mm Hg
Blood leaks out of a weakened or diseased vessel into the brain
Hemorrhagic stroke
Clinical test for bells palsy involving occipitalis
Raise eyebrows
Twisted neck
Torticollis
In the dark, this current holds the photoreceptor membrane at a relatively depolarized membrane potential
Dark current
Abnormal tissue growth in the middle ear
Otosclerosis
Do the veins of the face have valves?
No
Normal flexion for babinski reflex test
Plantar flexion of big toe
Upper part forms inferior parathyroid gland; lower part forms thymus gland
Pouch 3
An infection from the head (tonsillitis) can spread to the mediastinum through what?
The retropharyngeal space. (Lies between the prevertebral fascia and the pretracheal fascia)
Where is CSF made
Choroid plexus
Two places for popcorn to lodge
Valleculae
Piriform recess
Branch of cervical plexus that innervates the skin over the parotid, inferior to the ear
Great auricular (C2, C3)
Ectodermal clefts between adjacent branchial arches
Branchial grooves
Take pulse of carotid artery at ?
Upper border of thyroid. Cartilage
Damage to abducens N (VI) causes what?
Medial strabismus (cross-eyed) due to damage/ paralysis of the lateral rectus
What courses on scalenus anterior?
Phrenic Nerve
Action: compressor nares
Compresses nasal cartilages
During constant velocity rotation, vestibular output does what?
Adapt
Swelling of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) will cause
Nasally voice
Cranial nerve for smell
I
An obstruction of the tarsal glands in the tarsal plate
Chalazion
Damage to CN III or the smooth muscle sympathetic parts of the leevator palpebae superioris muscle/
Eyelid droop
Action of superior rectus
Raise, adduct, medially rotate
hearing loss as a result of problems with the inner ear (nerve damage for example )
Sensorineural hearing loss
The orientation of this makes it most sensitive to acceleration in the vertical plane (up-down and left-right)
Saccular macula
Action: mentalis
Wrinkles skin of chin.
What causes reduced scattering of light and therefore better visual acuity at the fovea?
Lateral displacedment of the non-photoreceptor cells
What relation does the image on the retina have compared to that of the external world?
The image formed on the retina is both inverted and reversed in comparison to the outside world
Extracellular fluid that bathes the basolateral membrane of hair cells
Perilymph
Depth of field is greatest when pupil diameter is _____
Smallest
Basolateral surface of choroid plexus epithelial cells faces ?
The capillaries
The posterior portion of the subclavian artery has which trunk that comes from it and what branches from that trunk?
Costocervical trunk ->
Superior intercostal artery (gives blood to first 2 intercostal spaces)
Deep cervical A. (Gives blood to deep neck )
What is the concern for patient’s with facial paralysis which makes them unable to use their orbicularis oculi
These patient’s are unable to close their eyelids. They then have dried eyes and become at risk for corneal abrasions. In newborns, the eye is often sewn shut to keep protected.
Type of muscle spindle that signals muscle length, movement, and velocity. (Sensitivities adjusted by gamma motor neurons)
Muscle spindlees
Connects the spinal nerve and sympathetic ganglion
Communicating ramus
Blood supply to brain?
Vertebral artery
Internal carotid artery
The strength of the graded potential is encoded by the amplitude of the potential
Amplitude modulation
The sensory epithelium for the utricle and saccula
Macula
A structure with a complete ring of cartilage. Has a narrow arch anteriorly and a large lamina posteriorly
Cricoid cartilage
Inward blood-facing
Luminal
Degree of bending in refraction is a function of two things?
- Ratio of the two refractive indices
2. The angle between the interface and entering wave front
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve will leave only this muscle of the larynx functional
Cricothyroid m.
Runs along the internal jugular vein, receives lymph from all above nodes
Deep cervical chain
Place at macula where hair cell orientation abruptly reverses
Striola
Where can the internal jugular vein be accessed for intravenous catheterization?
Landmark for needle insertion is between the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid
A lens that bends light in only one plane
Cylindrical lens
Parasympathetic innervation leading to erection and sympathetic innervation leading to ejaculation is an example of what?
Synergists effects.
Branchial pouch which forms the lining of the palatine tonsils
Branchial pouch 2
_____ binds to adrenergic receptors
Norepinephrine
Perilymph is high in ____ and low in _____
Sodium
Potassium
Fourth layer that light passes to. Has the synapse of photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells
Outer plexiform layer
Stabilizes the brain by splitting the two hemispheres
Also allows for space for the venous sinus
Falx cerebri
Inflammation of conjuctiva
Conjuctivitis
Part of autonomic nervous system that leads to ejaculation in males?
Sympathetic nervous system
Produced by activating golgi tendon organs - aids in regulating muscle tension, prevents damage to tendon, bone
Autogenic inhibition
Fuses to dura posteriorly, fuses to cornea anteriorly
Sclera
What muscle causes patient’s w bell’s palsy to have difficulty chewing and with drooling?
Buccinator muscle.
Shape of hematoma for subdural hematoma on imaging?
Crescent shaped
Confluens of sinuses
Location at which the straight sinus can join the superior sagittal sinus
Nerves that pass through the suboccipital triangle
Suboccipital nerve
Greater occipital nerve
Other than the amount of light entering the eye, the pupil diameter also controls what?
The depth of focus produced by the eye
Tentorial notch
Opening for the brainstem
Muscles innervated by the trochlear nerve
Superior oblique
What is the role of the transverse ligament of the atlas?
Holds the dens anteriorly, but allows it to rotate
Action of the superior rectus;
Adduct, raise, medially rotate eye
Patellar tendon reflex tests for sensory and motor function of ?
L2, L3, L4
Lymphatics that drain to the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct
Jugular lymph trunk
The compartment of the neck that can change shape, move in speaking and swallowing
Anterior compartment
Site where you change from precise somatic sensory innervation of the oral cavity to imprecise visceral sensory of the pharynx
Palatoglossal arch
Origin of inferior oblique
Floor of orbit
Action of superior oblique?
Abduct, lower, and medially rotate the eye
Teeth attachments
Teeth sockets
Alveolar process
Loosely connects the epicranial aponeurosis to the periosteum of the skull. Crossed by emissary veins.
Loose areolar tissue
A single target cell integrates diverse information from many presynaptic neurons
Convergence
Type of calcium-activated potassium channel which is activated by calcium ion influx during a single action potential
Fast-calcium—activated potassium channels
Membrane that connects the cricoid to the first tracheal cartilages`
Cricotracheal membrane
The basolateral surfaces of choroid plexus epithelial cells contains?
Interdigitations
Elongates into tubotympanic recess; forms auditory tube and tympanic cavity
Pouch 1
Dorsal ramus c2 . Sensory innervation to skin of back of neck.
Greater occipital nerve
What are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk (which comes off of the medial branch of the subclavian artery)?
Suprascapular a.
Inferior thyroid a.
Transverse cervical a.
The structural and functional specializations of the brain capillaries endothelium are induced by trophic factors released from the processes of _
Asrocytes, adjacent to capillaries.
What movement of cilia of hair cells further depolarizes the membrane by opening more mechanically gated ion channels
Moving cilia towards tallest cilium
Action of inferior oblique
Raise, abduct, laterally rotate
Skull fx in pterion region clinically significant for?
High risk of epidural hematoma
Auditory hair cells lack what in comparison to vestibular hair cells?
The tall kinocilium
What movements does the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages allow for?
Swivel (rotation)
Sliding (abduction and adduction)
Structures that develop that are similar in origin to the gills of fish
Branchial arches
So much light that the response of rods totally saturates, and they are no longer able to detect a change in light
Photopic vision.
Type of muscle receptor that signals force
Golgi tendon organ
Orbicularis oculi (action_
Orbital part - Surrounds eyelid and buries the eyelid
Palpebral part - closes eyelid (this is located w/in the eyelid)
The anterior wall of the middle ear is what?
Auditory tube (anterior 2/3) and bone (posterior 1/3)
Three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
Opthalmic division
Maxillary division
Mandibular division
Imprecise localization of sensation
Visceral sensory
Muscle that produces opposite action
Antagonist muscle
Contracture of the sternocleidomastoid (congenital or acquired. Turns head to the oposite side
Torticollis
The first branchial groove forms the
External auditory meatus
What three structures are contained in the carotid sheath?
Internal and common carotid arteries
Internal jugular veins
Vagus nerves
Uncontrolled activation of reverberating circuits in the brain can cause?
Seizures
The hair cells in the canal toward which the head is rotating are ______
Depolarized
Visual inspection of the optic nerve and optic disk
Opthalmoscopy
What passes between the superior and middle constrictor muscle?
Glossopharyngeal N. (IX)
Stylopharyngeus
Veins that are inside the cranial cavity and drain blood from the surface of the brain to the sinus cavities.
Bridging veins
Type of edema caused by elevated hydrostatic pressure in the plasma which leads to fluid being pushed into the CNS. Can be from malignant hypertension. Can lead to herniation and compression of vessles
Hydrostatic hypertension
Superior parathyroid gland comes from
4th branchial pouch
Tense or relax the vocal cords
Thyroid and cricoid
Muscles that can move the head and neck are what compartment of the neck?
Posterior compartment
Hoffman Reflex test?
Flick middle finger
Pupil constriction, or miosis, is what type of innervation control?
Parasympathetic autonomic.
Acetylcholine binds to which type of receptor???
Cholinergic
Branches of the facial nerve
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
Branches of the facial artery?
Superior labial artery
Inferior labial artery
Angular artery
Condition in which vertical and horizontal light planes focus at different lengths due to the uneven curvature of the cornea
Astigmatism
Innervation to the scalp
Branches of trigeminal nerves: supratrochlear, supraorbital, V(1) zygomaticotemporal (V2), auriculotemporal (V3)
Cervical spinal nerves : greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus c2), lesser occipital nerve (ventral ramus C2)
Last layer light reaches in the retina.
Transduction occurs here
Photoreceptor outer segments
These produce activities in motor neurons and can generate rhythmic behaviors.
Pattern generator
Failure of fusion of medial nasal processes w maxillary process on that side. Can be unilateral or bilateral
Cleft lip
The balance of the secretion of and reabsorption of this substance will determine the intraocular pressure
Aqueous humor
Sites of CSF. Reabsorption
Arachnoid villi
Dyschromatopsia
Color blindness
Type of cholinergic receptor that is usually only excitatory?
Nicotinic
Thyroid sx watch out for
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Upper motor neuron damage in Hoffman Reflex
Flex fingers
Pupil dilation or mydriasis is what type of innervation?
Sympathetic
Responses to decreased temperature (done in the caudal hypothalamus)
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Decreased sweating
Contract arrector pilae muscles
Shivering
Blood clot stops flow of blood into an area of the brain
Ischemic stroke
Region behind oral and nasal cavities
Pharynx
Ligament from the dens to the occipital bone which prevents excessive rotation
Alar “check” ligaments
At which vertebra does the carotid artery bifurcate?
C4
Glossopharyngeal nerve provides parasympathetic visceral motor innervation to?
Parotid gland
Calcium channels that require strong depolarization for their activation. Typically this type of depolarization is achieved only during action potential
High voltage-activated (HVA)
The left common carotid artery comes from?
The arch of the aorta
Type of ganglion which is less prevalent (around 5%), but is able to detect quick changes in movement and has a very fast transduction time with transient adaptation. Has no wavelength sensitivity
Magnocellular
Levator anguli oris , action
Raise corner of mouth
A tube of muscles and fascia that opens to the nasal and oral cavities
Pharynx
Free flowing fluid of the eye
Aqueous humor
Action infrahyoid muscles
Lower hyoid
Can transmit infection for scalp to brain via ?
Emissary veins
First layer that light reaches in the ganglion. Where axons of retinal ganglion cells come together to form optic nerve
Ganglion cell layer
Produced by activating cutaneous, pain afferents - avoid obstacle or painful stimulus
Flexion reflex
Part of autonomic nervous system that leads to erection in males
Parasympathetic nervous system
Why does frequency of otitis media likely decrease in adults in comparison to children?
The orientation of the auditory tube changes with age. From horizontal in children to more diagonal in adults. Also there is a wider lumen in adults.
A patient that has only a hoarse voice or whisper after thyroid surgery likely has suffered damage to what nerve?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Right common carotid artery comes from ?
The brachiocephalic trunk
Where branches of C1 that run with the CN XII branch off in the neck to join in with C2 and C3 nerves.
Ansa cervicalis
Eye is considered to be normal if parallel rays of light from distant objects are in sharp focus on the retina when the ciliary muscle is completely relaxed
Emmetropic
Action = occipitalis
Move scalp.
Abnormal response to Glabellar Reflex
Close eyes, continues on repetition
Type of edema caused by increased ISF protein concentration secondary to TBI, hemorrhage, infections, infact, tumor, or inflammation. Osmotic imbalance leads to water entering ISF and increasing ICP. Labs will show elevated proteins in CSF from Spinal tap. Can lead to herniation.
Vasogenic edema
This helps to keep tears in the eye and keep tears from evaporating.
Tarsal plate
When bilateral small pupils will constrict when an object is moved close to them, but not when they are shone into with a bright light.
Agryll Roberston Pupil
Thyroglossal duct cysts are where ?
Midline
Opthalmic artery arises from ?
Carotid siphon
What passes between the superior constrictor muscle and the skull>
Auditory tube
Levator veli palati muscle
When the branchial sinus drains out of the neck instead of normal
Branchial fistula
Second layer in retina that eye reaches. Synapse between bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells
Inner plexiform layer
Normal response to Glabellar Reflex (tap forehead)
Close eyes. Reflex stops with repetition.
Series of abnormal, rapidly alternating contractions and relaxations of muscle produced by single stimulus
Clonus
Stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus
Reflex
Common vessel torn in subdural hematoma
Bridging vein / sinus.
Bleeding Slow
Connects the anterior eye to the nasal cavity. Drains tears. Forms in development as a solid epithelial cord that extends from medial angle of eye to the nasal cavity; cord becomes canalized to form duct.
Nasolacrimal duct.
Pressure waves that are too high in frequency for humans to perceive
Ultrasound
The apical surfaces of the choroid plexus epithelial cells contains?
Tight junctions and microvilli
In damage to the trochlear nerve, what clinical sign will you see in patient’s at rest?
Head tilt - at rest, patient tilts head to the opposite side. (This is to compensate for unilateral eye rotation)
What does the right common carotid artery branch off of?
Brachiocephalic artery
Levator labii superioris
Raise upper lip
Action: depressor labii
Depresses lower lip
Distance behind a convex lens at which a parallel light ray will converge
Focal length
Muscle that produces similar action
Synergist muscle
Action: procerus
Wrinkles skin of nose
The damage to this nerve, which is possible in thyroid surgery, will cause paralysis of all muscles of one side of the larynx except for cricothyroid m.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Structures in the anterior triangle in the neck are related to the
Carotid arteries
Inhibition of a inhibitory neuron, has net excitatory effect
Disinhibition
Normal rate of secretion of aqueous humor
3-4mL / day
Posterior side of the posterior compartemtn has ?
Deep muscles, extensors, and suboccipital muscles
Bleeding between dura and bone
Epidural hematoma
In the craniovertebral ligament, the posterior longitudinal ligament becomes the
Membrana tectoria (C2- occipital )
Anterior side of posterior group of neck muscles has what?
Prevertebral muscles, which liay directly anterior to the vertebrae and function in flexing the head and neck
Action, tensor tympani m.
Tenses tympanic membrane
Ptosis
Eyelid droop
Uncus
Temporal lobe
Glosso
Tongue
Rod shaped cartilage of the larynx that are above the corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilage
In most cases in the body, the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system act in which way?
Antagonistically
Blocked VIII cranial nerve ->
No hearing
Action of the medial rectus
Adduct eye
Platysma, action
Stretches skin of neck
The three possible stimuli that can elicit hair cell response.
Linear acceleration
Rotation acceleration
Sound pressure waves
Fibrous CT joints in skull
Sutures
The membrane that connects the larynx to the hyoid
Thyrohyoid membrane
The direction in which light travels is always perpendicular to the plane of its wave front
Bending of light
Pressure or irritation to cranial nerve VII does what to the lacrimal duct?
Excessive tears
Action of lateral rectus
Abduct eye
The degree to which objects in front of or behind the point of visual fixation remain in focus
Depth of field
(Farsightedness) an eyeball that is too short, or a lens system that is too weak
Hyperopia
Skin infections where are most dangerous in terms of leading to cavernous sinus infection and eventually to diplopia
Skin infections that are lateral to the nose
Three bones that make up the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone (zygomatic process) Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
Innervation: stapedius
VII
Bell’s palsy in play
Where do lacrimal ducts open up at ?
Through the conjunctiva to the superior fornix
Carotid sheath is the
Lateral compartment
Cranial nerve affected in Bell’s Palsy
VII
Facial nerve
Hearing loss that is a result of damage to the tympanic membrane or auditory ossicles
Conductive hearing loss
In Horner’s Syndrome, the pupil is ___ because of paralysis to ____?
Constricted
Pupillary dilator muscle.
Muscles innervated by the occulomotor nerve?
Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Inferior oblique Levator palpebrae superioris
The glossopharyngeal nerve branches into the tympanic nerve which becomes the tympanic plexus and provides visceral sensory innervation to what?
Mastoid sinus, middle ear, auditory tube
Nerve of the cervical plexus that gives cut innervation to behind the ear
Lesser occipital (c2)
Facial muscles take origin from the
Underlying bones
Thickened midline part of the thyrohyoid membrane
Median thyrohyoid ligament
Which processes fail to fuse in cleft lip?
Medial nasal process
And
Maxillary process
Division of the autonomic nervous system whose role is to mobilize the body’s resources in response to stress.
Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
What type of innervation is responsible for the imprecise localization when choking?
Visceral sensory nerve. From VII (nasopharynx) IX (oropharynx), X (laryngopharynx)
Assessment of vision loss in specific areas of visual space
Visual field testing
What equalizes air pressure in ear when swallowing?
Eustachian tube
Obstruction to flow of CSF w/in the aquaduct
Common cause of hydrocephalus
Mid point of lambdoidal suture
Lambda
action of inferior rectus
Adduct, lower, and laterally rotate the eye
Lateral wall of the middle ear is the ?
Tympanic membrane
Artery that enters the skull thru the carotid canal and foramen lacerum
Internal carotid artery
Bones that make up the medial wall of the orbit ?
Frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary, and sphenoid bones.
Interneurons that receive excitatory inputs from recurrent branches of motor neurons and make inhibitory synapses upon the same motor neurons
Renshaw cells
CT continuous with the periosteum of orbit (periorbita)
Orbital septum
Soft spongy bone which is the middle layer of the skull
Diploe
Choroid plexus secretes CSF into
Ventricle space
Structures in the anterior compartment of the neck ?
Pharynx, larynx, esophagus
Damage to inner ear causes
Sensorineural hearing loss
These cells correct local ion imbalances in ISF by uptake and resdistribution of ions into CSF or plasma
Astrocytes
Produced by activating muscle spindles, contributes to maintaining postural stability, countering sudden loads
Stretch reflex
Branchial pouch that forms the tubotympanic recess and the auditory tube and the tympanic cavity
Branchial pouch 1
Sinus in falx cerebri, drains to confluens.
Occipital sinus
Loop
Ansa cervicalis
Two synovial joints of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
The semicircular canals are sensitive to
Rotational acceleration
Roof boundary of the middle ear. Thin plate of petrous part of temporal bones; separates from middle cranial fossa
Tegmen tympani
S - shaped continuation of the transverse sinus. Ends in jugular foramen. Forms internal jugular vein
Sigmoid sinus
How can a prolonged ear infection spread to the brain?
Through the tegmen tympani
Type of edema that is caused by lessened osmotic pressure in the plasma than in the blood-brain and blood-csf barriers. This causes increeased fluid in the CNS. Can lead to herniation. Common causes are hyponatremia and excessive H2O intake or excessive hypotonic IV intake.
Osmotic edema
Origin of superior oblique
Nose, acts thru a pulley like muscle
The ratio of the velocity of light in air to the velocity of light in a particular substance
Refractive index
Diaphragma sella is a circular fold over sella turcica and has an opening for the ?
Stalk of pituitary
5th layer light reaches in the retina. Contains the body of the photoreceptors
Outer nuclear layer
Type of autonomic nervous system w the ganglia close to the target organ
Parasympathetic
In the craniovertebral joint, the ligamentum flava becomes the
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (C1 - occipital )
Lateral side of posterior group of neck muscles has what?
Scalene muscles
Flex the neck laterally
Sinus in lower border of falx cerebri
Inferior sagittal sinus
Location of the pituitary gland
Sella turcica
What structure does the thyroid cartilage come in contact with to form a synovial hinge joint?
Cricoid cartilage
What are the 3 main branches of the 1st part of the subclavian artery (medial part)
Vertebral artery.
Internal thoracic artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Third layer that light reaches. Contains the bodies of bipolar, amacrine and horizontal cells
Inner nuclear layer
This is a type of ganglion cell which is able to differentiate between either red and green or yellow and blue in between the center and the surround
Color-opponent cells
Responses to increased temperature (done by the hypothalamus/preoptic area)
Peripheral vasodilation
Increased sweating
Water and electrolyte retention
Mid point of coronal suture
Bregma
Measure angle between iris and cornea
Gonioscopy
In general, decreased stretch reflexes indicate _____ motor neuron disorders
Lower
Two mechanisms of impedance matching
Surface area difference in oval window and tympanic membrane
Ossicles of middle ear act as a lever
Small separation of cerebellar hemispheres along the posterior cranial fossa wall
Falx cerebelli
Imprecise sensation sensory from gut, blood vessels, glands, internal organs, in head, pharynx which rostral end of gut. (Innervation)
Visceral sensory nerve
Where does the crvical plexus arise?
Posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Carbonate crystals
Otoliths or otoconia
Type of ciliary smooth muscle which extends anteriorly to the corneoscleral junction. When they contract, the lens ligaments are pulled medially and forward, releasing some tension on the lens
Meridional fibers
Common vessel torn in epidural hematomas
Middle meningeal artery
Fast bleeding
Facial muscles insert into?
Skin
Action of suprahyoid muscles
Elevate hyoid
Set of barriers that separates the CNS from the rest of the body
Arachnoid membrane,
Choroid plexus and epithelium,
CNS capillary endothelium
Type of glaucoma with rapid increase in IOP requiring immediate medical attention
Angle closure glaucoma
Course of tears?
Lacrimal gland, thru the conjuctiva to the superior fornix, to the lacrimal puncta, to the lacrimal sac to the lasolacrimal duct to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
Vocal ligaments are longer in ?
Males (due to longer laryngeal prominence
Structures in the posterior triangle of neck are related to the?
Subclavian artery and the brachial plexus
Risorius ; action
Smiling muscle
In semicircular canals, the movement of the endolymph relative to the head bends the ____ and the ____ imbedded with it?
Cupula
Cilia
Failure of fusion of the medial nasal process and the maxillary process in development causes?
Cleft lip. (At philtrum of upper lip)
Branch of the cervical plexus that provides innervation to the skin of the lower neck and the shoulder
Supraclavicular N. (C3 c4)
Part 2 of the subclavian artery is _____ to the scalenus anterior
Posterior
Type of autonomic nervous system with the ganglia close to the vertebrae
Sympathetic
Level of illumination where both rods and cones are responding
Mesopic vision
_____ binds to cholinergic receptors
Acetylcholine
Can be used to access superior sagittal venous sinus in neonates
Anterior fontanelle
Open and close larynx with the
Cricoid and arytenoid joint
Forms epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsils
Pouch 2
Parasympathetics are where?
Craniosacral
Head and head
Allows for recruitment of many cells and promotes the smooth coordination of effectors by amplification of signal
Divergence
Cranial nerves that make up the somatic sensory neurons ?
V, VII, IX, X
Near the hypophyseal region, or situated or occuring near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth
Rostral
A shield shaped cartilage with a lesser and lower horns (makes part of larynx)
Thyroid cartilage
Artery that courses outside of the dura to supply. The calvarium
Middle meningeal A.
Type of cholinergic receptor that can be either excitatory or inhibitory?
Muscarinic
A tough smooth white fibroelastic CT layer, surrounds the eye, pierced by vessels and nerves. Function in maintaining eye shape and the attachement of muscles
Sclera
In general, increased stretch reflexes indicate _____ motor neuron syndromes
Upper
What does the left common carotid artery branch off of?
Arch of aorta
Branches of the internal carotid artery?
Branches to brain
Opthalmic artery
Forms a roof of posterior cranial fossa
Tentorium cerebelli
Push cerebellum through the foramen magnum
Tonsillar herniation
The membrane that connects the epilgottis to the arytenoid
Quadrangular membrane
Blood-CSF barrier is created by tight junctions amongst
Choroid plexus epithelium cells
Laryngeal prominence makes
Adams apple
Types of adrenergic receptors which will lead to smooth muscle relaxation?
Beta-1 and Beta-2
Drugs used to prevent glaucoma by decreasing output of intraocular fluid
B-blockers
B-adrenergic receptor antagonists
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A cloudy or opaque area in the lens which must be treated by the surgical removal of the lens
Cataract
Action of inferior oblique
Abduct, raise, and laterally rotate eye
Action: buccinator
Chewing muscle. Keeps food in between teeth when chewing. Compresses mouth
Type of glaucoma with a large iris-corneal angle(tested by gonioscopy). Slow, gradual increase in IOP. Intraocular fluid partially blocked in trabecular network
Open-angle glaucoma
The larynx cartilage joint that permits the sliding and swiveling of the larynx. Will permit closure of the the larynx or the opening of the larynx
Arytenoid and cricoid
Damage to the ocular nerve
Glaucoma
Pulse taken at the angle of the mandible?
Facial artery
Where do middle ear infections typically start?
They start in the respiratory system, go from the nasopharynx to the auditory tube which feeds into the middle ear.
Nerve that runs anterior to the anterior scalene and posterior to the sternocleidomastoid
Phrenic nerve
Pupil dilation
Mydriasis
Action: orbicularis oris
Closes mouth (surrounds the lips
Innervation of tensor tympani muscle
V-3
Trigeminal, branch 3
A cartilage of the larynx, nodules that are above the arytenoids that go through the aryepiglottic folds
Corniculate
A lens that causes parallel rays to converge
Convex lens
What ligaments make up the cruciate ligament of the vertebrocranial joint/
Transverse ligament of atlas
Superior band to occipital bone
Inferior band to body of C2
Variation of lateral inhibition where inhibitory portion of receptive field completely surrounds the excitatory portion of the receptive field.
Surround inhibition
The neural crest cells that invade the head and neck lateral to the rostral part of the foregut make the
Pharynx
Branches of the opthalmic artery?
Supraorbital artery
Supratrochlear artery
Folds between the medial and lateral glossoepiglottic folds that are common locations for food and objects to become lodged
Valleculae
Caused by an eyeball that is too long or a lens system that is too strong (nearsightedness)
Myopia
What movement of cilia of hair cells closes the baseline-opened mechanical gated cation channels, hyperpolarizing the cell?
Movement of cilia away from tallest cilium
Endolymph is ___ in Na and ____ in potassium
Low
High
A tube of muscles and fascia that opens to the nasal and oral cavities
Dpharynx
A c - shaped turn of the internal carotid artery
Carotid siphon
Opening between vocal ligaments
Rima glottidis
Types of neurons found only in cranial nerves
Special senses (vision hearin, balance) Chemical senses (taste and smell) Brachiomotor (voluntary skeletal muscles from brachial arches)
Calcification of arachnoid villi
Common in elderly. Can cause hydrocephalus due to decreased reabsorption of CSF
Pupil unable to constrict into response to light, which is indicative of a catastrophic stroke, herniation, etc..
Blown pupil (mydriasis)
Submental, submandibular, buccal, parotid, retroauricular, and occipital nodes
Superficial ring
The fibrous CT skeleton of the upper eyelid. (Deep to the orbital septum)
Tarsal plate
Allows recruitment of many cells and promotes smooth coordination of effectors by amplification of the signal
Divergence
Consecutive stages of ____ allow a single cell to influence many target sells
Divergence
Common in input stages of the nervous system
Divergence
A single target cell integrates diverse infor from many presynaptic neurons
Convergence
Common in output stages of nervous system
Convergence
Consecutive stages of _____ allow a single neuron to integrate many sources of info into a final output
Convergence
Enhances the effectiveness of the active pathway by suppressing output from the antagonistic pathway
Feedforward inhibition
Reverberating circuits are constructed from feedforward and feedback _____ connections
Excitatory
These are constructed from feedforward and feed back excitatory connections and allow for persistent activity in a system
Reverberating circuits
Uncontrolled activation of ____ ____ in the brain can cause seizures
Reverberating circuits
Graded potential strength of signal is dependent on ?
Amplitude of the potential
Strenth of signal for action potentials is determined by ?
Frequency of signal
Waveform frequency
Pitch
Waveform shape
Tone
Waveform amplitude
Loudness
Loudness is measured in __
Decibels
Contributes to localization of sound differing in vertical elevation
Localiztion
Latency period of the attenuation reflex is ___ which means?
50-100 milliseconds, so you are not protected against sudden loud sounds
Wide and floppy. Attuned for lower frequency
Apex
Narrow and stiff. Attuned for higher frequencies
Base
Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: gives visceral sensory innervation to the larynx above the true vocal fold
Internal laryngeal nerve
Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: gives branchiomotor innervation to the cricothyroid
External laryngeal nerve
Branch of vagus nerve that gives visceral sensory innervation to the larynx below the true vocal folds and branchiomotor to all muscles of larynx except for cricothyroid
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
In upper motor neuron lesions, tonus increases, resistance to stretch increases; if sufficient force is applied, limb resistance suddenly decreases
Clasped knife reflex.
