Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S&F 2 test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Located on petrous part of temporal bone.

Sup drains to transverse sinus

Inf drains to internal jugularV.

A

Sup and inf petrosal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscles of the face are innervated by?

A

Facial nerve.

Cranial nerve VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endodermal out pocketing from rostral foregut between adjacent arches

A

Branchial pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The refractive power of a lens

A

Diopter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Common part of ear for ear infections?

A

Middle ear (otitis media)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Action of medial rectus

A

Adduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two things of importance that are found in the nasopharynx?

A

Adenoids (pharyngeals tonsils)

Opening of auditory tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is responsible for the circular, antagonistic, center-surround receptive fields of bipolar cells??

A

Horizontal cells laterally inhibit photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Action ; Depressor anguli oris

A

Tragedy muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arteries that pass through the suboccipital triangle

A

Vertebral artery

Occipital artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What directions of eye movement are limited due to having “check ligaments’’

A

Medial and lateral rotation are limited due to check ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vibrating lips that arise from the entire upper edge of the arch of cricoid

A

Conus elasticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The branch of the facial nerve responisble for visceral motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the lacrimal gland and the mucous glands of the nose and the palate .. also does visceral sensory innervation to the nasopharynx

A

Greater petrosal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pushing the temporal lobe through the temporal notch

A

Uncal herniation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Innervation to efferents. Autonomics, smooth muscles (including arrector pilae muscles of skin), blood vessels, and secretomotor to glands

A

Visceral motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Obstruction of the tarsal glands in the tarsal plate

A

Chalazion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The degree of damage to the ear secondary to loud sounds is a function of

A

Loudness and duration of exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A disturbance of the normal fluid balance between different fluid compartments

A

Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vertebral A. Enters skull thru the ____

A

Foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What passes between middle and inferior constrictor muscles?

A

Superior laryngeal artery

Internal laryngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the craniovertebral joint, the anterior longitudinal ligament becomes the

A

Anterior atlantooccipital membrane( C1 thru occipital)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Enhances the effectiveness of the active pathway by inhibiting or suppressing output from an antagonistic pathway

A

Feedforward inhibition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A leaf shaped cartilage that is posterior to the roof of the tongue.

Connected to the hyoid at its body and to the posterior side of the thyroid cartilage

A

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Measurement of ntraocular pressure

A

Tonometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The first branchial membrane forms the

A

Tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and membrana tectoria fuse to the

A

Dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does the carotid artery pass thru the cavernous sinus?

A

Carotid siphon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hard to diagnose, has no external swelling, but can possibly block the airway, or spread unimpeded to the thorax

A

Retropharyngeal abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pretracheal and retropharyngeal lymph nodes make up the

A

Deep ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Vision when only rods are activated, under the lowest levels of illumination

A

Scotopic vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Floor of the middle ear is what?

A

Jugular foramen (jugular vein can rupture into middle ear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Change pitch of sound with

A

Thyroid and cricoid joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

CSF pH is regulated through ?

A

Bicarbonate ion and proton transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Shape of hematoma in epidural hematoms on imaging.

A

Lens shaped, ( biconvex )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sinus in the lateral fixed part of tentorium.

Receives blood from the superior sagittal or confluens

A

Transverse sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cranial nerves that make up the somatic motor axons

A

III, IV, VI

XII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Muscle that is not working in Bell’s Palsy which makes it dificult to chew.

A

Buccinator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

This type of calcium channels open at more modest levels of depolarization, typically between resting potential and action potential threshold, but are also rapidly inactivated at these potentials

A

Low-voltage activated

Or

Transient (T-type)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Normal intraocular pressure?

A

15 +/- 2 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Superior sagittal sinus receives blood from?

A

Brain, orbit, and emissary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

A fold that covers the sella turcica

A

Diaphragma sella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The upper part of the neurocranium that covers the cranial cavity containing the brain

A

Calvarium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Pupil constriction

A

Miosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Sinus in upper border of falx cerebri

A

Superior sagittal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cranial nerves for eye movement

A

III, IV, VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus

A

Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system who’s role is to conserve and store resources. ?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system ( rest and digest )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Cartilage of larynx that has a complete ring w a narrow anterior arch and a broad posterior lamina

A

Cricoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The nerves of the cervical plexus emerge from where?

A

The posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Innervation to precise sensation, sensory to skin, joints, muscle and tendon receptor endgins in the head, also nasal and oral cavity

A

Somatic sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Clinical test for frontalis in Bell’s Palsy

A

Raise eyebrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

A group of diseases characterized by the damage to the optic nerve

A

Glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Apical membrane surface of choroid plexus epithelial cells faces

A

Into the ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Insertion: tensor tympani muscle

A

Handle of malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Swelling of pharyneal tonsils

A

Adenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The outer 1/3 of the external auditory meatus is what? And contains what?

A

Cartilage

Contains ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands, and hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Abducts or adducts the vocal cords

A

Arytenoid and cricoid cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Located where the suspensory ligaments attach to the eyeball

A

Ciliary muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Hearing loss as a result of an issue with the outer or middle ear.

A

Conductive hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Increases contrast between stimuli and helps to maintain the resolving power of a sensory system

A

Lateral and surround inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

A progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea which distorts vision due to altered refraction across the cornea

A

Keratoconus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Insertion ; stapedius

A

Neck of stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Branch of cervical plexus that provides the sensory innervation to the skin of the anterior neck?

A

Transverse cervical (C2 C3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Junction of temporal, sphenoid parietal and frontal bones

A

Pterion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Muscle of opposite arm or leg

A

Contralateral muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

A lens that diverges light

A

Concave lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Forms superior parathyroid gland and c cells of thyroid gland (which produce calcitonin)

A

Pouch 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Sounds seem to loud

A

Hyperacousia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

A gradual, age related decrease in the ability of the eye to do accomodation.

A

Presbyopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

The branch of the facial nerve responsible for the taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Also responsible for the parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular glands and the salivary glands

A

Chorda tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Falx cerebri is an infolding of wha?

A

The inner membrane of the dura mater (true dura)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Type of edema that can be caused by over secretion of CSF or impairment of absorption of CSF. Characterized by increased CSF pressure within the ventricles which ends up causing increased fluid in the brain parenchyma.

A

Interstitial edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Part 3 of the subclavian artery is ____ to the scalenus anterior?

A

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

General swelling of the whole body, usually due to abnormal fluid retention in the tissues

A

Anasarca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What does closing the respiratory system with the larynx allow for?

A

Increasing abdominal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Progressive loss of hearing, especially for higher frequencies, which is common with aging

A

Presbycusis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Avascular, transparent layer over anterior eyes, aids in focusing light, irregularities - astigmatism

A

Cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Dilator nares; action

A

Dilate nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Ligaments that hold the lens in place, attach radially around the eye. They are under constant tension during resting condition and pull the lens into a relatively flat shape.

A

Suspensory ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Ligament that connects the epiglottis to the thyroid

A

Thyroepiglottic ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Incomplete formation of the confluens of sinuses causes ?

A

The straight sinus can join superior sagittal sinus at the confluens OR turn left.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Inferior parathyroid gland comes from

A

3rd branchial pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Which joint of the larynx is a synovial hinge joint which allows for the change in pitch of sound (tense or relax vocal cords) . Tilting motion.

A

Thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

High frequency sound waves move the basilar membrane

A

At the stiffer base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Membranes that link bones at birth

A

Fontanelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Extracellular fluid bathing the apical surface of the hair cell

A

Endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Viral infection associated w Bell’s Palsy

A

Herpes Simplex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The branch of the facial nerve that is responsible for the branchiomotor innervation to the stapedius muscle

A

Stapedial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Group of interneurons that are interconnected. These produce activities in motor neurons and can generate rhythmic behaviors

A

Pattern generator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Action of the lateral rectus (CN VI)

A

Abduct eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Drugs that prevent glaucoma by increasing ocular fluid reuptake

A

Prostaglandin analogs

Paraspathomimetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Origin : tensor tympani muscle

A

Canal in anterior wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Infection in the retropharyngeal space can spread unimpeded to ?

A

The thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Fovea has a higher cones and ____ ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion.

A

Lower ratio

Better at resolving fine detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Contents of the suboccipital triangle?

A

Occipital artery
Vertebral artery
Greater occipital nerve
Suboccipital nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Smooth and cardiac muscle innervation, blood vessels, glands, and internal organ innervation

A

Visceral motor (parasympathetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Pain with bell’s palsy in the outer ear in the affected division of the ear is from?

A

Trigeminal neuralgia, due to CN’s V, VII, IX, X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs located?

A

Muscle tendons or connective tissue attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Irregular waveforms are perceived as

A

Noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What is another name for the auditory tube?

A

Eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Somatic sensory to the outer ear is innervated by?

A

V, VII, IX, X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Type of ciliary smooth muscle fiber that functions like a sphincter, when contracting, they decrease diameter, and release tension.

A

Circular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

A bleed into the potential space between the dura and arachnoid.
Bleeding often slow.

A

Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Three ways for small molecules to pass through the choroid capillary endothelium

A

Diffusion thru endothelial cell membranes

Diffusion through fenestrations

Pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Clinical significance of the buccinator muscle

A

Patient’s w/ bell’s palsy have difficulty eating food and will drool due to defects in buccinator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Two parts of the vestibular labyrinth that are interconnected by fluid filled passages

A

Otolith organs

Semicircular canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Cranial nerve for vision

A

II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

The branchial pouch that forms the inferior parathyroid gland as well as the thymus gland

A

Branchial pouch 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

What muscles must you contract to perform valsalva maneuver (at level of rima glottidis)

A

Lateral crico-arytenoid to rotate medially and partially close

Arytenoideus to slide arytenoids and fully close.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Type of hematoma from a tear or aneurysm in the cerebral artery or cerebral vein.

A

Subarachnoid hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Most important landmark in neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Norepinephrine binds to which type of receptor?

A

Adrenergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Types of adrenergic receptors that will cause smooth muscle contraction?

A

Alpha 1 and alpha 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

The pterygopalatine ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic actions of which cranial nerves and innervates which structures?

A

VII

Lacrimal gland and mucous glands of the oral and nasal cavities and the palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Branchial pouch that forms the superior parathyroid and also the c-cells (calcitonin) of the thyroid

A

Pouch 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Depressor labii Inferioris

A

Depresses lower lip.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Branchial fistulas are where in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

4 small bodies on each side, posterior to or within the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Tonsil

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Lower edge of the quadrangular membrane

A

Vestibular ligament (false focal cords)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What movement does the epicranial aponeurosis allow ?

A

Anterior and posterior movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

The otolith organs (utricle and saccule) are sensitive to

A

Linear acceleration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Low frequency sound waves will move the basilar membrane

A

Further up the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

What do the ossicles of the middle ear acting as a lever do to sound

A

Transforms the larger amplitude, lower frequency vibrations of air into smaller amplitude, higher force vibrations of fluid of the inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

What is the medical term for tube through the tympanic membrane?

A

Tympanostomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Peripheral retina has high ___

A

Rods, more sensitive to low light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Engorgement of the retinal veins

A

Papilledema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Connections of falx cerebri?

A

Anterior -> crista galli of ethmoid

Posterior -> blends into tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Part 1 of the subclavian artery is ____ to the scalenus anterior?

A

Medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Sinus located in the upper border of falx cerebri. Anterior goes to foramen cecum posterior to transverse sinus. Communicates laterally w venous lacunae.

A

Superior sagittal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

The upper free edge of conus

A

Vocal ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Perilymph resembles the makeup of

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Loud sounds cause the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles to contract, increasing the rigidity of the ossicles and reducing sound conduction to the inner ear

A

Attenuation reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Innervation to Voluntary skeletal muscles (derived from somites)

A

Somatic motor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Origin: stapedius

A

Posterior wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Muscle that contains sense organ

A

Homonymous muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Type of ganglion cell that is 90% of all ganglions. It is able to differentiate in fine detail. Also has specificity to wavelengths. Sustained adaptation.

A

Parvocellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

Palpebral

A

Eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Complex waveforms with regular patterns are perceived as

A

Musical sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

External auditory meatus is ____ in children and ______ in adults

A

Straight

Curved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Venous drainage from the head all meets into the ?

A

Right IJ and Left IJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Difference between diploic veins and emissary veins?

A

Diploic veins go from diploe layer of bones of calvarium into the venous sinuses in brain.

Emissary veins go from the scalp, transverse the calvarium and into the venous sinuses in brian.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Periosteum of outer side of calvarium

A

Pericranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Blocking CN VII does what to lacrimal duct?

A

Decreases production of tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Inward movement of the oval window results in

A

A downward movement of reissner’s membrane, downward movement of the endolymph filling the scala media, and downward movement of the basialr membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Things that are only innervated by sympathetics

A

Sweat glands

Peripheral blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

Test in which the tuning fork is placed on the calvarium, and will cause a vibration directly in the cochlea and the patient will perceive it as sound

A

Weber test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

Action: frontalis

A

Moves scalp. Raise eyebrows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

What are the attachments of the epicranial aponeurosis?

A

Laterally to the temporal fascia
Frontalis muscle
Occipitalis muscle.
Tightly attaches to the skin and CT above it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

The 2 pyramidal shaped cartilages of the larynx that form a synovial joint with the cricoid.

A

Arytenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

Cervical sinus is normally obliterated during development. If it persists and connects to the skin this is called ?

A

Branchial cyst fistula.

Found anterior to the sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

Type of edema. Decreased ATP from metabolic poisoning, hypoxia, anoxia, or ischemia causes failure of fluid balance (Na/K atpase for example) this leads to increased osmotic pressure and influx of water from extracellular to intracellular. This damages the cells.

A

Cytotoxic edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

The orientation of this makes it most sensitive to acceleration in the horizontal plane (front-back and left-right)

A

Utricular macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

The process through which the refractive power of the lens is changed

A

Accomodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

The bending of light ways at an angled interface

A

Refraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

Upper motor neuron damage shown in babinski reflex

A

Extension of big toe (dorsiflexion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

Peak incidence of otitis media?

A

5 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

Dorsal ramus C1, motor to suboccipital muscles,

Found in suboccipital triangle

A

Suboccipital nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

Sinus in middle cranial fossa. On side of the body of sphenoid bone.

Receives blood from sup and inf opthalmic veins, cerebral veins

Drains to sup and inf petrosal sinus

A

Cavernous sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

The distance between a convex lens at which parallel light rays converge

A

Focal length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

Muscles innervated by the abducens?

A

Lateral rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

Zygomaticus (major and minor)

A

Raise upper lip and pull laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

Roles of the pigmented epithelium

A

Absorb excess light to prevent scattering and keep image sharp

Renew photopigments

Phagocytose photoreceptor disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

What are the two functions of the larynx?

A

Sound production.

Closes respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

How might you treat a prolonged otitis media?

A

Tympanostomy. (Tube through the tympanic membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

Pressure waves which are too low in frequency for humans to perceive

A

Infrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

An abnormal mass of blood outside a blood vessel

A

Hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

Apical borders are joined by _____ which prevent diffusion through spaces between cells

A

Tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

Gelatinous fluid of the eye which is composed primarily of elongated proteoglycans

A

Vitreous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

What type of innervation is responsible for the imprecise localization of pain in middle ear infections?

A

Cranial nerve IX, visceral sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

Sinus at the junction of falx cerebri and tentorium

A

Straight sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

Damage to the medial rectus (CN III) causes what?

A

Lateral strabismus (wall eyed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

What passes between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medial

A

Brachial plexus, SUbclavian A.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

What intraocular pressure levels are concerning for, if maintained, developing glaucoma

A

Pressures over 20mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

Blood leaks out of a weakened or diseased vessel into the brain

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

Clinical test for bells palsy involving occipitalis

A

Raise eyebrows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

Twisted neck

A

Torticollis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

In the dark, this current holds the photoreceptor membrane at a relatively depolarized membrane potential

A

Dark current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

Abnormal tissue growth in the middle ear

A

Otosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

Do the veins of the face have valves?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

Normal flexion for babinski reflex test

A

Plantar flexion of big toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

Upper part forms inferior parathyroid gland; lower part forms thymus gland

A

Pouch 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

An infection from the head (tonsillitis) can spread to the mediastinum through what?

A

The retropharyngeal space. (Lies between the prevertebral fascia and the pretracheal fascia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

Where is CSF made

A

Choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
185
Q

Two places for popcorn to lodge

A

Valleculae

Piriform recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
186
Q

Branch of cervical plexus that innervates the skin over the parotid, inferior to the ear

A

Great auricular (C2, C3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

Ectodermal clefts between adjacent branchial arches

A

Branchial grooves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

Take pulse of carotid artery at ?

A

Upper border of thyroid. Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

Damage to abducens N (VI) causes what?

A

Medial strabismus (cross-eyed) due to damage/ paralysis of the lateral rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

What courses on scalenus anterior?

A

Phrenic Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

Action: compressor nares

A

Compresses nasal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

During constant velocity rotation, vestibular output does what?

A

Adapt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

Swelling of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) will cause

A

Nasally voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

Cranial nerve for smell

A

I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

An obstruction of the tarsal glands in the tarsal plate

A

Chalazion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

Damage to CN III or the smooth muscle sympathetic parts of the leevator palpebae superioris muscle/

A

Eyelid droop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
197
Q

Action of superior rectus

A

Raise, adduct, medially rotate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

hearing loss as a result of problems with the inner ear (nerve damage for example )

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
199
Q

The orientation of this makes it most sensitive to acceleration in the vertical plane (up-down and left-right)

A

Saccular macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

Action: mentalis

A

Wrinkles skin of chin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

What causes reduced scattering of light and therefore better visual acuity at the fovea?

A

Lateral displacedment of the non-photoreceptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
202
Q

What relation does the image on the retina have compared to that of the external world?

A

The image formed on the retina is both inverted and reversed in comparison to the outside world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

Extracellular fluid that bathes the basolateral membrane of hair cells

A

Perilymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

Depth of field is greatest when pupil diameter is _____

A

Smallest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
205
Q

Basolateral surface of choroid plexus epithelial cells faces ?

A

The capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

The posterior portion of the subclavian artery has which trunk that comes from it and what branches from that trunk?

A

Costocervical trunk ->

Superior intercostal artery (gives blood to first 2 intercostal spaces)

Deep cervical A. (Gives blood to deep neck )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

What is the concern for patient’s with facial paralysis which makes them unable to use their orbicularis oculi

A

These patient’s are unable to close their eyelids. They then have dried eyes and become at risk for corneal abrasions. In newborns, the eye is often sewn shut to keep protected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

Type of muscle spindle that signals muscle length, movement, and velocity. (Sensitivities adjusted by gamma motor neurons)

A

Muscle spindlees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

Connects the spinal nerve and sympathetic ganglion

A

Communicating ramus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
210
Q

Blood supply to brain?

A

Vertebral artery

Internal carotid artery

211
Q

The strength of the graded potential is encoded by the amplitude of the potential

A

Amplitude modulation

212
Q

The sensory epithelium for the utricle and saccula

A

Macula

213
Q

A structure with a complete ring of cartilage. Has a narrow arch anteriorly and a large lamina posteriorly

A

Cricoid cartilage

214
Q

Inward blood-facing

A

Luminal

215
Q

Degree of bending in refraction is a function of two things?

A
  1. Ratio of the two refractive indices

2. The angle between the interface and entering wave front

216
Q

Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve will leave only this muscle of the larynx functional

A

Cricothyroid m.

217
Q

Runs along the internal jugular vein, receives lymph from all above nodes

A

Deep cervical chain

218
Q

Place at macula where hair cell orientation abruptly reverses

A

Striola

219
Q

Where can the internal jugular vein be accessed for intravenous catheterization?

A

Landmark for needle insertion is between the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid

220
Q

A lens that bends light in only one plane

A

Cylindrical lens

221
Q

Parasympathetic innervation leading to erection and sympathetic innervation leading to ejaculation is an example of what?

A

Synergists effects.

222
Q

Branchial pouch which forms the lining of the palatine tonsils

A

Branchial pouch 2

223
Q

_____ binds to adrenergic receptors

A

Norepinephrine

224
Q

Perilymph is high in ____ and low in _____

A

Sodium

Potassium

225
Q

Fourth layer that light passes to. Has the synapse of photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells

A

Outer plexiform layer

226
Q

Stabilizes the brain by splitting the two hemispheres

Also allows for space for the venous sinus

A

Falx cerebri

227
Q

Inflammation of conjuctiva

A

Conjuctivitis

228
Q

Part of autonomic nervous system that leads to ejaculation in males?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

229
Q

Produced by activating golgi tendon organs - aids in regulating muscle tension, prevents damage to tendon, bone

A

Autogenic inhibition

230
Q

Fuses to dura posteriorly, fuses to cornea anteriorly

A

Sclera

231
Q

What muscle causes patient’s w bell’s palsy to have difficulty chewing and with drooling?

A

Buccinator muscle.

232
Q

Shape of hematoma for subdural hematoma on imaging?

A

Crescent shaped

233
Q

Confluens of sinuses

A

Location at which the straight sinus can join the superior sagittal sinus

234
Q

Nerves that pass through the suboccipital triangle

A

Suboccipital nerve

Greater occipital nerve

235
Q

Other than the amount of light entering the eye, the pupil diameter also controls what?

A

The depth of focus produced by the eye

236
Q

Tentorial notch

A

Opening for the brainstem

237
Q

Muscles innervated by the trochlear nerve

A

Superior oblique

238
Q

What is the role of the transverse ligament of the atlas?

A

Holds the dens anteriorly, but allows it to rotate

239
Q

Action of the superior rectus;

A

Adduct, raise, medially rotate eye

240
Q

Patellar tendon reflex tests for sensory and motor function of ?

A

L2, L3, L4

241
Q

Lymphatics that drain to the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

A

Jugular lymph trunk

242
Q

The compartment of the neck that can change shape, move in speaking and swallowing

A

Anterior compartment

243
Q

Site where you change from precise somatic sensory innervation of the oral cavity to imprecise visceral sensory of the pharynx

A

Palatoglossal arch

244
Q

Origin of inferior oblique

A

Floor of orbit

245
Q

Action of superior oblique?

A

Abduct, lower, and medially rotate the eye

246
Q

Teeth attachments

Teeth sockets

A

Alveolar process

247
Q

Loosely connects the epicranial aponeurosis to the periosteum of the skull. Crossed by emissary veins.

A

Loose areolar tissue

248
Q

A single target cell integrates diverse information from many presynaptic neurons

A

Convergence

249
Q

Type of calcium-activated potassium channel which is activated by calcium ion influx during a single action potential

A

Fast-calcium—activated potassium channels

250
Q

Membrane that connects the cricoid to the first tracheal cartilages`

A

Cricotracheal membrane

251
Q

The basolateral surfaces of choroid plexus epithelial cells contains?

A

Interdigitations

252
Q

Elongates into tubotympanic recess; forms auditory tube and tympanic cavity

A

Pouch 1

253
Q

Dorsal ramus c2 . Sensory innervation to skin of back of neck.

A

Greater occipital nerve

254
Q

What are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk (which comes off of the medial branch of the subclavian artery)?

A

Suprascapular a.
Inferior thyroid a.
Transverse cervical a.

255
Q

The structural and functional specializations of the brain capillaries endothelium are induced by trophic factors released from the processes of _

A

Asrocytes, adjacent to capillaries.

256
Q

What movement of cilia of hair cells further depolarizes the membrane by opening more mechanically gated ion channels

A

Moving cilia towards tallest cilium

257
Q

Action of inferior oblique

A

Raise, abduct, laterally rotate

258
Q

Skull fx in pterion region clinically significant for?

A

High risk of epidural hematoma

259
Q

Auditory hair cells lack what in comparison to vestibular hair cells?

A

The tall kinocilium

260
Q

What movements does the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages allow for?

A

Swivel (rotation)

Sliding (abduction and adduction)

261
Q

Structures that develop that are similar in origin to the gills of fish

A

Branchial arches

262
Q

So much light that the response of rods totally saturates, and they are no longer able to detect a change in light

A

Photopic vision.

263
Q

Type of muscle receptor that signals force

A

Golgi tendon organ

264
Q

Orbicularis oculi (action_

A

Orbital part - Surrounds eyelid and buries the eyelid

Palpebral part - closes eyelid (this is located w/in the eyelid)

265
Q

The anterior wall of the middle ear is what?

A

Auditory tube (anterior 2/3) and bone (posterior 1/3)

266
Q

Three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Opthalmic division
Maxillary division
Mandibular division

267
Q

Imprecise localization of sensation

A

Visceral sensory

268
Q

Muscle that produces opposite action

A

Antagonist muscle

269
Q

Contracture of the sternocleidomastoid (congenital or acquired. Turns head to the oposite side

A

Torticollis

270
Q

The first branchial groove forms the

A

External auditory meatus

271
Q

What three structures are contained in the carotid sheath?

A

Internal and common carotid arteries

Internal jugular veins

Vagus nerves

272
Q

Uncontrolled activation of reverberating circuits in the brain can cause?

A

Seizures

273
Q

The hair cells in the canal toward which the head is rotating are ______

A

Depolarized

274
Q

Visual inspection of the optic nerve and optic disk

A

Opthalmoscopy

275
Q

What passes between the superior and middle constrictor muscle?

A

Glossopharyngeal N. (IX)

Stylopharyngeus

276
Q

Veins that are inside the cranial cavity and drain blood from the surface of the brain to the sinus cavities.

A

Bridging veins

277
Q

Type of edema caused by elevated hydrostatic pressure in the plasma which leads to fluid being pushed into the CNS. Can be from malignant hypertension. Can lead to herniation and compression of vessles

A

Hydrostatic hypertension

278
Q

Superior parathyroid gland comes from

A

4th branchial pouch

279
Q

Tense or relax the vocal cords

A

Thyroid and cricoid

280
Q

Muscles that can move the head and neck are what compartment of the neck?

A

Posterior compartment

281
Q

Hoffman Reflex test?

A

Flick middle finger

282
Q

Pupil constriction, or miosis, is what type of innervation control?

A

Parasympathetic autonomic.

283
Q

Acetylcholine binds to which type of receptor???

A

Cholinergic

284
Q

Branches of the facial nerve

A 
Temporal 
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
285
Q

Branches of the facial artery?

A

Superior labial artery
Inferior labial artery
Angular artery

286
Q

Condition in which vertical and horizontal light planes focus at different lengths due to the uneven curvature of the cornea

A

Astigmatism

287
Q

Innervation to the scalp

A

Branches of trigeminal nerves: supratrochlear, supraorbital, V(1) zygomaticotemporal (V2), auriculotemporal (V3)

Cervical spinal nerves : greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus c2), lesser occipital nerve (ventral ramus C2)

288
Q

Last layer light reaches in the retina.

Transduction occurs here

A

Photoreceptor outer segments

289
Q

These produce activities in motor neurons and can generate rhythmic behaviors.

A

Pattern generator

290
Q

Failure of fusion of medial nasal processes w maxillary process on that side. Can be unilateral or bilateral

A

Cleft lip

291
Q

The balance of the secretion of and reabsorption of this substance will determine the intraocular pressure

A

Aqueous humor

292
Q

Sites of CSF. Reabsorption

A

Arachnoid villi

293
Q

Dyschromatopsia

A

Color blindness

294
Q

Type of cholinergic receptor that is usually only excitatory?

A

Nicotinic

295
Q

Thyroid sx watch out for

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

296
Q

Upper motor neuron damage in Hoffman Reflex

A

Flex fingers

297
Q

Pupil dilation or mydriasis is what type of innervation?

A

Sympathetic

298
Q

Responses to decreased temperature (done in the caudal hypothalamus)

A

Peripheral vasoconstriction
Decreased sweating
Contract arrector pilae muscles
Shivering

299
Q

Blood clot stops flow of blood into an area of the brain

A

Ischemic stroke

300
Q

Region behind oral and nasal cavities

A

Pharynx

301
Q

Ligament from the dens to the occipital bone which prevents excessive rotation

A

Alar “check” ligaments

302
Q

At which vertebra does the carotid artery bifurcate?

A

C4

303
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve provides parasympathetic visceral motor innervation to?

A

Parotid gland

304
Q

Calcium channels that require strong depolarization for their activation. Typically this type of depolarization is achieved only during action potential

A

High voltage-activated (HVA)

305
Q

The left common carotid artery comes from?

A

The arch of the aorta

306
Q

Type of ganglion which is less prevalent (around 5%), but is able to detect quick changes in movement and has a very fast transduction time with transient adaptation. Has no wavelength sensitivity

A

Magnocellular

307
Q

Levator anguli oris , action

A

Raise corner of mouth

308
Q

A tube of muscles and fascia that opens to the nasal and oral cavities

A

Pharynx

309
Q

Free flowing fluid of the eye

A

Aqueous humor

310
Q

Action infrahyoid muscles

A

Lower hyoid

311
Q

Can transmit infection for scalp to brain via ?

A

Emissary veins

312
Q

First layer that light reaches in the ganglion. Where axons of retinal ganglion cells come together to form optic nerve

A

Ganglion cell layer

313
Q

Produced by activating cutaneous, pain afferents - avoid obstacle or painful stimulus

A

Flexion reflex

314
Q

Part of autonomic nervous system that leads to erection in males

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

315
Q

Why does frequency of otitis media likely decrease in adults in comparison to children?

A

The orientation of the auditory tube changes with age. From horizontal in children to more diagonal in adults. Also there is a wider lumen in adults.

316
Q

A patient that has only a hoarse voice or whisper after thyroid surgery likely has suffered damage to what nerve?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

317
Q

Right common carotid artery comes from ?

A

The brachiocephalic trunk

318
Q

Where branches of C1 that run with the CN XII branch off in the neck to join in with C2 and C3 nerves.

A

Ansa cervicalis

319
Q

Eye is considered to be normal if parallel rays of light from distant objects are in sharp focus on the retina when the ciliary muscle is completely relaxed

A

Emmetropic

320
Q

Action = occipitalis

A

Move scalp.

321
Q

Abnormal response to Glabellar Reflex

A

Close eyes, continues on repetition

322
Q

Type of edema caused by increased ISF protein concentration secondary to TBI, hemorrhage, infections, infact, tumor, or inflammation. Osmotic imbalance leads to water entering ISF and increasing ICP. Labs will show elevated proteins in CSF from Spinal tap. Can lead to herniation.

A

Vasogenic edema

323
Q

This helps to keep tears in the eye and keep tears from evaporating.

A

Tarsal plate

324
Q

When bilateral small pupils will constrict when an object is moved close to them, but not when they are shone into with a bright light.

A

Agryll Roberston Pupil

325
Q

Thyroglossal duct cysts are where ?

A

Midline

326
Q

Opthalmic artery arises from ?

A

Carotid siphon

327
Q

What passes between the superior constrictor muscle and the skull>

A

Auditory tube

Levator veli palati muscle

328
Q

When the branchial sinus drains out of the neck instead of normal

A

Branchial fistula

329
Q

Second layer in retina that eye reaches. Synapse between bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells

A

Inner plexiform layer

330
Q

Normal response to Glabellar Reflex (tap forehead)

A

Close eyes. Reflex stops with repetition.

331
Q

Series of abnormal, rapidly alternating contractions and relaxations of muscle produced by single stimulus

A

Clonus

332
Q

Stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus

A

Reflex

333
Q

Common vessel torn in subdural hematoma

A

Bridging vein / sinus.

Bleeding Slow

334
Q

Connects the anterior eye to the nasal cavity. Drains tears. Forms in development as a solid epithelial cord that extends from medial angle of eye to the nasal cavity; cord becomes canalized to form duct.

A

Nasolacrimal duct.

335
Q

Pressure waves that are too high in frequency for humans to perceive

A

Ultrasound

336
Q

The apical surfaces of the choroid plexus epithelial cells contains?

A

Tight junctions and microvilli

337
Q

In damage to the trochlear nerve, what clinical sign will you see in patient’s at rest?

A

Head tilt - at rest, patient tilts head to the opposite side. (This is to compensate for unilateral eye rotation)

338
Q

What does the right common carotid artery branch off of?

A

Brachiocephalic artery

339
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

Raise upper lip

340
Q

Action: depressor labii

A

Depresses lower lip

341
Q

Distance behind a convex lens at which a parallel light ray will converge

A

Focal length

342
Q

Muscle that produces similar action

A

Synergist muscle

343
Q

Action: procerus

A

Wrinkles skin of nose

344
Q

The damage to this nerve, which is possible in thyroid surgery, will cause paralysis of all muscles of one side of the larynx except for cricothyroid m.

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

345
Q

Structures in the anterior triangle in the neck are related to the

A

Carotid arteries

346
Q

Inhibition of a inhibitory neuron, has net excitatory effect

A

Disinhibition

347
Q

Normal rate of secretion of aqueous humor

A

3-4mL / day

348
Q

Posterior side of the posterior compartemtn has ?

A

Deep muscles, extensors, and suboccipital muscles

349
Q

Bleeding between dura and bone

A

Epidural hematoma

350
Q

In the craniovertebral ligament, the posterior longitudinal ligament becomes the

A

Membrana tectoria (C2- occipital )

351
Q

Anterior side of posterior group of neck muscles has what?

A

Prevertebral muscles, which liay directly anterior to the vertebrae and function in flexing the head and neck

352
Q

Action, tensor tympani m.

A

Tenses tympanic membrane

353
Q

Ptosis

A

Eyelid droop

354
Q

Uncus

A

Temporal lobe

355
Q

Glosso

A

Tongue

356
Q

Rod shaped cartilage of the larynx that are above the corniculate cartilages

A

Cuneiform cartilage

357
Q

In most cases in the body, the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system act in which way?

A

Antagonistically

358
Q

Blocked VIII cranial nerve ->

A

No hearing

359
Q

Action of the medial rectus

A

Adduct eye

360
Q

Platysma, action

A

Stretches skin of neck

361
Q

The three possible stimuli that can elicit hair cell response.

A

Linear acceleration

Rotation acceleration

Sound pressure waves

362
Q

Fibrous CT joints in skull

A

Sutures

363
Q

The membrane that connects the larynx to the hyoid

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

364
Q

The direction in which light travels is always perpendicular to the plane of its wave front

A

Bending of light

365
Q

Pressure or irritation to cranial nerve VII does what to the lacrimal duct?

A

Excessive tears

366
Q

Action of lateral rectus

A

Abduct eye

367
Q

The degree to which objects in front of or behind the point of visual fixation remain in focus

A

Depth of field

368
Q

(Farsightedness) an eyeball that is too short, or a lens system that is too weak

A

Hyperopia

369
Q

Skin infections where are most dangerous in terms of leading to cavernous sinus infection and eventually to diplopia

A

Skin infections that are lateral to the nose

370
Q

Three bones that make up the zygomatic arch

A 
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary bone (zygomatic process)
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
371
Q

Innervation: stapedius

A

VII

Bell’s palsy in play

372
Q

Where do lacrimal ducts open up at ?

A

Through the conjunctiva to the superior fornix

373
Q

Carotid sheath is the

A

Lateral compartment

374
Q

Cranial nerve affected in Bell’s Palsy

A

VII

Facial nerve

375
Q

Hearing loss that is a result of damage to the tympanic membrane or auditory ossicles

A

Conductive hearing loss

376
Q

In Horner’s Syndrome, the pupil is ___ because of paralysis to ____?

A

Constricted

Pupillary dilator muscle.

377
Q

Muscles innervated by the occulomotor nerve?

A 
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique 
Levator palpebrae superioris
378
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve branches into the tympanic nerve which becomes the tympanic plexus and provides visceral sensory innervation to what?

A

Mastoid sinus, middle ear, auditory tube

379
Q

Nerve of the cervical plexus that gives cut innervation to behind the ear

A

Lesser occipital (c2)

380
Q

Facial muscles take origin from the

A

Underlying bones

381
Q

Thickened midline part of the thyrohyoid membrane

A

Median thyrohyoid ligament

382
Q

Which processes fail to fuse in cleft lip?

A

Medial nasal process
And
Maxillary process

383
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system whose role is to mobilize the body’s resources in response to stress.

A

Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

384
Q

What type of innervation is responsible for the imprecise localization when choking?

A

Visceral sensory nerve. From VII (nasopharynx) IX (oropharynx), X (laryngopharynx)

385
Q

Assessment of vision loss in specific areas of visual space

A

Visual field testing

386
Q

What equalizes air pressure in ear when swallowing?

A

Eustachian tube

387
Q

Obstruction to flow of CSF w/in the aquaduct

A

Common cause of hydrocephalus

388
Q

Mid point of lambdoidal suture

A

Lambda

389
Q

action of inferior rectus

A

Adduct, lower, and laterally rotate the eye

390
Q

Lateral wall of the middle ear is the ?

A

Tympanic membrane

391
Q

Artery that enters the skull thru the carotid canal and foramen lacerum

A

Internal carotid artery

392
Q

Bones that make up the medial wall of the orbit ?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary, and sphenoid bones.

393
Q

Interneurons that receive excitatory inputs from recurrent branches of motor neurons and make inhibitory synapses upon the same motor neurons

A

Renshaw cells

394
Q

CT continuous with the periosteum of orbit (periorbita)

A

Orbital septum

395
Q

Soft spongy bone which is the middle layer of the skull

A

Diploe

396
Q

Choroid plexus secretes CSF into

A

Ventricle space

397
Q

Structures in the anterior compartment of the neck ?

A

Pharynx, larynx, esophagus

398
Q

Damage to inner ear causes

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

399
Q

These cells correct local ion imbalances in ISF by uptake and resdistribution of ions into CSF or plasma

A

Astrocytes

400
Q

Produced by activating muscle spindles, contributes to maintaining postural stability, countering sudden loads

A

Stretch reflex

401
Q

Branchial pouch that forms the tubotympanic recess and the auditory tube and the tympanic cavity

A

Branchial pouch 1

402
Q

Sinus in falx cerebri, drains to confluens.

A

Occipital sinus

403
Q

Loop

A

Ansa cervicalis

404
Q

Two synovial joints of the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

405
Q

The semicircular canals are sensitive to

A

Rotational acceleration

406
Q

Roof boundary of the middle ear. Thin plate of petrous part of temporal bones; separates from middle cranial fossa

A

Tegmen tympani

407
Q

S - shaped continuation of the transverse sinus. Ends in jugular foramen. Forms internal jugular vein

A

Sigmoid sinus

408
Q

How can a prolonged ear infection spread to the brain?

A

Through the tegmen tympani

409
Q

Type of edema that is caused by lessened osmotic pressure in the plasma than in the blood-brain and blood-csf barriers. This causes increeased fluid in the CNS. Can lead to herniation. Common causes are hyponatremia and excessive H2O intake or excessive hypotonic IV intake.

A

Osmotic edema

410
Q

Origin of superior oblique

A

Nose, acts thru a pulley like muscle

411
Q

The ratio of the velocity of light in air to the velocity of light in a particular substance

A

Refractive index

412
Q

Diaphragma sella is a circular fold over sella turcica and has an opening for the ?

A

Stalk of pituitary

413
Q

5th layer light reaches in the retina. Contains the body of the photoreceptors

A

Outer nuclear layer

414
Q

Type of autonomic nervous system w the ganglia close to the target organ

A

Parasympathetic

415
Q

In the craniovertebral joint, the ligamentum flava becomes the

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (C1 - occipital )

416
Q

Lateral side of posterior group of neck muscles has what?

A

Scalene muscles

Flex the neck laterally

417
Q

Sinus in lower border of falx cerebri

A

Inferior sagittal sinus

418
Q

Location of the pituitary gland

A

Sella turcica

419
Q

What structure does the thyroid cartilage come in contact with to form a synovial hinge joint?

A

Cricoid cartilage

420
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the 1st part of the subclavian artery (medial part)

A

Vertebral artery.
Internal thoracic artery
Thyrocervical trunk

421
Q

Third layer that light reaches. Contains the bodies of bipolar, amacrine and horizontal cells

A

Inner nuclear layer

422
Q

This is a type of ganglion cell which is able to differentiate between either red and green or yellow and blue in between the center and the surround

A

Color-opponent cells

423
Q

Responses to increased temperature (done by the hypothalamus/preoptic area)

A

Peripheral vasodilation
Increased sweating
Water and electrolyte retention

424
Q

Mid point of coronal suture

A

Bregma

425
Q

Measure angle between iris and cornea

A

Gonioscopy

426
Q

In general, decreased stretch reflexes indicate _____ motor neuron disorders

A

Lower

427
Q

Two mechanisms of impedance matching

A

Surface area difference in oval window and tympanic membrane

Ossicles of middle ear act as a lever

428
Q

Small separation of cerebellar hemispheres along the posterior cranial fossa wall

A

Falx cerebelli

429
Q

Imprecise sensation sensory from gut, blood vessels, glands, internal organs, in head, pharynx which rostral end of gut. (Innervation)

A

Visceral sensory nerve

430
Q

Where does the crvical plexus arise?

A

Posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

431
Q

Carbonate crystals

A

Otoliths or otoconia

432
Q

Type of ciliary smooth muscle which extends anteriorly to the corneoscleral junction. When they contract, the lens ligaments are pulled medially and forward, releasing some tension on the lens

A

Meridional fibers

433
Q

Common vessel torn in epidural hematomas

A

Middle meningeal artery

Fast bleeding

434
Q

Facial muscles insert into?

A

Skin

435
Q

Action of suprahyoid muscles

A

Elevate hyoid

436
Q

Set of barriers that separates the CNS from the rest of the body

A

Arachnoid membrane,
Choroid plexus and epithelium,
CNS capillary endothelium

437
Q

Type of glaucoma with rapid increase in IOP requiring immediate medical attention

A

Angle closure glaucoma

438
Q

Course of tears?

A

Lacrimal gland, thru the conjuctiva to the superior fornix, to the lacrimal puncta, to the lacrimal sac to the lasolacrimal duct to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

439
Q

Vocal ligaments are longer in ?

A

Males (due to longer laryngeal prominence

440
Q

Structures in the posterior triangle of neck are related to the?

A

Subclavian artery and the brachial plexus

441
Q

Risorius ; action

A

Smiling muscle

442
Q

In semicircular canals, the movement of the endolymph relative to the head bends the ____ and the ____ imbedded with it?

A

Cupula

Cilia

443
Q

Failure of fusion of the medial nasal process and the maxillary process in development causes?

A

Cleft lip. (At philtrum of upper lip)

444
Q

Branch of the cervical plexus that provides innervation to the skin of the lower neck and the shoulder

A

Supraclavicular N. (C3 c4)

445
Q

Part 2 of the subclavian artery is _____ to the scalenus anterior

A

Posterior

446
Q

Type of autonomic nervous system with the ganglia close to the vertebrae

A

Sympathetic

447
Q

Level of illumination where both rods and cones are responding

A

Mesopic vision

448
Q

_____ binds to cholinergic receptors

A

Acetylcholine

449
Q

Can be used to access superior sagittal venous sinus in neonates

A

Anterior fontanelle

450
Q

Open and close larynx with the

A

Cricoid and arytenoid joint

451
Q

Forms epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsils

A

Pouch 2

452
Q

Parasympathetics are where?

A

Craniosacral

Head and head

453
Q

Allows for recruitment of many cells and promotes the smooth coordination of effectors by amplification of signal

A

Divergence

454
Q

Cranial nerves that make up the somatic sensory neurons ?

A

V, VII, IX, X

455
Q

Near the hypophyseal region, or situated or occuring near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth

A

Rostral

456
Q

A shield shaped cartilage with a lesser and lower horns (makes part of larynx)

A

Thyroid cartilage

457
Q

Artery that courses outside of the dura to supply. The calvarium

A

Middle meningeal A.

458
Q

Type of cholinergic receptor that can be either excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Muscarinic

459
Q

A tough smooth white fibroelastic CT layer, surrounds the eye, pierced by vessels and nerves. Function in maintaining eye shape and the attachement of muscles

A

Sclera

460
Q

In general, increased stretch reflexes indicate _____ motor neuron syndromes

A

Upper

461
Q

What does the left common carotid artery branch off of?

A

Arch of aorta

462
Q

Branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

Branches to brain

Opthalmic artery

463
Q

Forms a roof of posterior cranial fossa

A

Tentorium cerebelli

464
Q

Push cerebellum through the foramen magnum

A

Tonsillar herniation

465
Q

The membrane that connects the epilgottis to the arytenoid

A

Quadrangular membrane

466
Q

Blood-CSF barrier is created by tight junctions amongst

A

Choroid plexus epithelium cells

467
Q

Laryngeal prominence makes

A

Adams apple

468
Q

Types of adrenergic receptors which will lead to smooth muscle relaxation?

A

Beta-1 and Beta-2

469
Q

Drugs used to prevent glaucoma by decreasing output of intraocular fluid

A

B-blockers
B-adrenergic receptor antagonists
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

470
Q

A cloudy or opaque area in the lens which must be treated by the surgical removal of the lens

A

Cataract

471
Q

Action of inferior oblique

A

Abduct, raise, and laterally rotate eye

472
Q

Action: buccinator

A

Chewing muscle. Keeps food in between teeth when chewing. Compresses mouth

473
Q

Type of glaucoma with a large iris-corneal angle(tested by gonioscopy). Slow, gradual increase in IOP. Intraocular fluid partially blocked in trabecular network

A

Open-angle glaucoma

474
Q

The larynx cartilage joint that permits the sliding and swiveling of the larynx. Will permit closure of the the larynx or the opening of the larynx

A

Arytenoid and cricoid

475
Q

Damage to the ocular nerve

A

Glaucoma

476
Q

Pulse taken at the angle of the mandible?

A

Facial artery

477
Q

Where do middle ear infections typically start?

A

They start in the respiratory system, go from the nasopharynx to the auditory tube which feeds into the middle ear.

478
Q

Nerve that runs anterior to the anterior scalene and posterior to the sternocleidomastoid

A

Phrenic nerve

479
Q

Pupil dilation

A

Mydriasis

480
Q

Action: orbicularis oris

A

Closes mouth (surrounds the lips

481
Q

Innervation of tensor tympani muscle

A

V-3

Trigeminal, branch 3

482
Q

A cartilage of the larynx, nodules that are above the arytenoids that go through the aryepiglottic folds

A

Corniculate

483
Q

A lens that causes parallel rays to converge

A

Convex lens

484
Q

What ligaments make up the cruciate ligament of the vertebrocranial joint/

A

Transverse ligament of atlas

Superior band to occipital bone

Inferior band to body of C2

485
Q

Variation of lateral inhibition where inhibitory portion of receptive field completely surrounds the excitatory portion of the receptive field.

A

Surround inhibition

486
Q

The neural crest cells that invade the head and neck lateral to the rostral part of the foregut make the

A

Pharynx

487
Q

Branches of the opthalmic artery?

A

Supraorbital artery

Supratrochlear artery

488
Q

Folds between the medial and lateral glossoepiglottic folds that are common locations for food and objects to become lodged

A

Valleculae

489
Q

Caused by an eyeball that is too long or a lens system that is too strong (nearsightedness)

A

Myopia

490
Q

What movement of cilia of hair cells closes the baseline-opened mechanical gated cation channels, hyperpolarizing the cell?

A

Movement of cilia away from tallest cilium

491
Q

Endolymph is ___ in Na and ____ in potassium

A

Low

High

492
Q

A tube of muscles and fascia that opens to the nasal and oral cavities

A

Dpharynx

493
Q

A c - shaped turn of the internal carotid artery

A

Carotid siphon

494
Q

Opening between vocal ligaments

A

Rima glottidis

495
Q

Types of neurons found only in cranial nerves

A 
Special senses (vision hearin, balance)
Chemical senses (taste and smell)
Brachiomotor (voluntary skeletal muscles from brachial arches)
496
Q

Calcification of arachnoid villi

A

Common in elderly. Can cause hydrocephalus due to decreased reabsorption of CSF

497
Q

Pupil unable to constrict into response to light, which is indicative of a catastrophic stroke, herniation, etc..

A

Blown pupil (mydriasis)

498
Q

Submental, submandibular, buccal, parotid, retroauricular, and occipital nodes

A

Superficial ring

499
Q

The fibrous CT skeleton of the upper eyelid. (Deep to the orbital septum)

A

Tarsal plate

500
Q

Allows recruitment of many cells and promotes smooth coordination of effectors by amplification of the signal

A

Divergence

501
Q

Consecutive stages of ____ allow a single cell to influence many target sells

A

Divergence

502
Q

Common in input stages of the nervous system

A

Divergence

503
Q

A single target cell integrates diverse infor from many presynaptic neurons

A

Convergence

504
Q

Common in output stages of nervous system

A

Convergence

505
Q

Consecutive stages of _____ allow a single neuron to integrate many sources of info into a final output

A

Convergence

506
Q

Enhances the effectiveness of the active pathway by suppressing output from the antagonistic pathway

A

Feedforward inhibition

507
Q

Reverberating circuits are constructed from feedforward and feedback _____ connections

A

Excitatory

508
Q

These are constructed from feedforward and feed back excitatory connections and allow for persistent activity in a system

A

Reverberating circuits

509
Q

Uncontrolled activation of ____ ____ in the brain can cause seizures

A

Reverberating circuits

510
Q

Graded potential strength of signal is dependent on ?

A

Amplitude of the potential

511
Q

Strenth of signal for action potentials is determined by ?

A

Frequency of signal

512
Q

Waveform frequency

A

Pitch

513
Q

Waveform shape

A

Tone

514
Q

Waveform amplitude

A

Loudness

515
Q

Loudness is measured in __

A

Decibels

516
Q

Contributes to localization of sound differing in vertical elevation

A

Localiztion

517
Q

Latency period of the attenuation reflex is ___ which means?

A

50-100 milliseconds, so you are not protected against sudden loud sounds

518
Q

Wide and floppy. Attuned for lower frequency

A

Apex

519
Q

Narrow and stiff. Attuned for higher frequencies

A

Base

520
Q

Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: gives visceral sensory innervation to the larynx above the true vocal fold

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

521
Q

Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: gives branchiomotor innervation to the cricothyroid

A

External laryngeal nerve

522
Q

Branch of vagus nerve that gives visceral sensory innervation to the larynx below the true vocal folds and branchiomotor to all muscles of larynx except for cricothyroid

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

523
Q

In upper motor neuron lesions, tonus increases, resistance to stretch increases; if sufficient force is applied, limb resistance suddenly decreases

A

Clasped knife reflex.

S&F 2 test 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions