Test 1 Flashcards
Theory of animism
- Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought sickness and death.
- Roles of nurse and physician separate and distinct: physician as medicine man; nurse as caring mother.
Florence Nightingale
- challenged prejudices against women and elevated the status of all nurses.
- She established the first training school for nurses, and wrote books about health care and nursing education.
Nursing origin
Originated from the Latin word nutrix (to nourish)
ICN definition
Promotion of health, prevention of illness, collaborative care
ANA definition
Social policy statement
Cognitive skills
involve thinking about the nature of things sufficiently to make decisions regarding care
Technical skills
enable nurses to manipulate equipment to produce a desired outcome.
Interpersonal skills
involve caring relationships
Ethical/legal skills
enable nurses to conduct themselves morally and professionally.
Nurse practice acts
regulate the practice of nursing, including education and licensure
Nursing process
a guideline for nursing practice, enabling nurses to implement their roles
ANA standards of nursing practice
allow nurses to carry out professional roles.
The National League of Nursing
fosters the development and improvement of nursing services
Health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Illness
the unique response of a person to a disease; an abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
Wellness
an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
Acute illness
- Generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time
- Examples: appendicitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, common cold
Chronic Illness
- A broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health
- Usually has a slow onset and may have periods of remission and exacerbation
- Examples: diabetes mellitus, lung disease, arthritis, lupus
Stages of Illness Behavior
Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms
Stage 2: Assuming the sick role
Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role
Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation
Physical dimension
genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender
Emotional dimension
how the mind affects body function and responds to body conditions
Intellectual dimension
cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences
Environmental dimension
housing; sanitation; climate; pollution of air, food, and water
Sociocultural dimension
economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture
Spiritual dimension
spiritual beliefs and values
Primary Health Promotion
- directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury.
- Examples are immunization clinics, family planning services, poison-control information, and accident-prevention education
Secondary Health Promotion
- focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found
- Examples are assessing children for normal growth and development and encouraging regular medical, dental, and vision examinations.
Tertiary
begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning
The health–illness continuum
measures a person’s level of health on a graduated scale.
The agent–host–environment model
refers to the interaction of the agent, host, and environment creating risk factors that must be examined.
The health promotion model
illustrates how people react to their environment as they pursue health
The health belief model
is concerned with what people believe to be true about their health.
self-actualization needs
nurses provide a sense of direction and hope, and maximize patient potential
Self-esteem needs
are met by respecting patient values and beliefs and setting attainable goals for them
Love and belonging needs
are met by including family and friends and establishing caring relationships with patients
Safety and security needs
are met by encouraging spiritual practices and independent decision making.
Physiologic needs
are needs that must be met to maintain life.
Incubation period
organisms growing and multiplying
Prodromal stage
person is most infectious, vague and nonspecific signs of disease
Full stage of illness
presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease
Convalescent period
recovery from the infection
Cardinal Signs of Acute Infection
Redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function
Transient Bacterial Flora
attached loosely on skin, removed with relative ease
Resident Bacterial Flora
found in creases in skin, requires friction with brush to remove
Choosing
Choosing freely from alternatives after careful consideration of the consequences of each alternative
Prizing (treasuring)
Involves pride, happiness, and public affirmation
Acting
Combining choice into one’s behavior with consistency and regularity on the value
Altruisms
concern for welfare and well-being of others
Autonomy
right to self-determination
Human dignity
respect for inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations`
Integrity
acting according to code of ethics and standards of practice
Social justice
upholding moral, legal, and humanistic rights
Bioethics
Encompasses a number of fields of “life sciences”
Nursing ethics
Formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing
Feminist ethics
Critiques existing patterns of oppression and domination in society especially affecting women and the poor
Utilitarian
The rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action.
Deontologic
An action is right or wrong independent of its consequences
Ethical Conduct
Practice based on professional standards of ethical conduct as well as professional values
Ethical dilemma
Two (or more) clear moral principles apply but support mutually inconsistent courses of action
Ethical distress
Occurs when the nurse knows the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action
Paternalism
occurs when a nurse acts for a patient without consent to secure good or prevent harm
deception
occurs when a nurse deceives a person for a perceived benefit
Allocation of scarce nursing resources
and advocacy in market-driven environment involve patient harm due to inadequate staffing/finances.
Crime
wrong against a person or the person’s property as well as the public
Tort
a wrong committed by a person against another person or that person’s property; tried in civil court
Four Elements of Liability
Duty
Breach of duty
Causation
Damages
Elements of Informed Consent
Disclosure
Comprehension
Competence
Voluntariness
IOM’s Six Outcomes for a New Health System for the 21st Century
Safe Effective Efficient Patient-centered Timely Equitable
Science and informatics
real-time access to knowledge; digital capture of the care experience
Patient–clinician partnerships
engaged, empowered patients
Incentives
aligned for value; full transparency
Continuous learning culture
leadership-instilled culture of learning; supportive system competencies
Oral Temp
37.0°C, 98.6°F
Rectal Temp
37.5°C, 99.5°F
Axillary Temp
36.5°C, 97.7°F
Tympanic Temp
37.5ºC, 99.5°F
Forehead
34.4°C, 94.0°F
Radiation
is the diffusion or dissemination of heat by electromagnetic waves, such as occurs with an uncovered head
Convection
is the dissemination of heat by motion between areas of unequal density
Evaporation
is the conversion of a liquid to a vapor.
Conduction t
is the transfer of heat to another object during direct contact
Parasympathetic stimulation
decreases heart rate
Sympathetic stimulation
increases heart rate
