Test 1 Flashcards
How much of blood is plasma, and how much is formed elements
About 55% plasma
About 45% formed elements
The most prevalent to least prevalent leukocytes in order…
Neutrophil 60-70% Lymphocytes 20-25% Monocytes 3-8% Eosinophils 2-4% Basophils 0.5-1%
The most prevelant to least prevalent proteins found in the blood in order…
Albumins 58%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 4%
What is Anemia?
low hematocrit, and or low hemoglobin
What is Polycythemia?
high hematocrit
What does a typical blood smear look like on a slide?
Evenly spaced RBC occasionally 2 or 3 cells group up.
The purpose of the biconcave shape of RBC is to?
Increase surface area.
The main function of platelets is to…
Form platelet plugs, this slows down bleeding, depending on the severity of the injury.
The nucleus typically divided into 3-5 lobes which are connected by thin strands of chromatin. the complex shape of their nucleus identifies them unequivocally
Neutrophils
Neutrophils Function
primary defense against bacteria and fungi
Nucleus usually has only 2 lobes
The cytoplasm is filled with granules
Eosinophils
Eosinophils Main function?
defense against parasitic infections
Nucleus usually has 2-3 lobes
The lobes are typically not as well defined
the nucleus may appear S-shaped
granules of basophils are usually stained deeply bluish or reddish-violet, but they are not as numerous as those in eosinophils
Basophils
Basophils Function…
Mediate inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergy symptoms.
After migrating to tissues, basophils become
MAST CELLS
Basophil and mast cell granules store lots of…
HISTAMINE
has a C-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus.
The nuclei will vary from a peanut- to a “fat” S-shape in smears. Whatever the shape of the nucleus, it is not lobed and not round.
Monocytes
Monocytes Function…
Their main role is to kill intracellular microorganisms (certain bacteria, fungi) similar to
neutrophils (i.e., phagocytosis)
Monocytes become_________ when they
migrate to tissue
MACROPHAGES
Are generally the smallest of all the WBCs → usually a tad larger than RBCs
Round nucleus & very little cytoplasm
The nucleus may appear to fill the entire cell
Lymphocytes
What do T lymphocytes do In response to pathogens?
produce chemicals that direct the immune response while other T cells, called CYTOTOXIC T CELLS or CD8+ CELLS, produce enzymes which induce the death of pathogen infected cells.
Are a type of lymphocyte that play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses…
Natural killer cells
NK cells kill by?
releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die.
Basic Components of the CBC (11 things)
WBC count WBC Differential Count RBC count HematoCrit Hemogloben Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) Red Cell Distribution Width (RCW) Platelet Count Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)
How may White Blood Cell Count decrease?
some medications, bone marrow failure, chemotherapy, and congenital marrow aplasia (marrow doesn’t develop normally)
How may White Blood Cell Count Increase?
with infections, inflammation, cancer, leukemia
WBC Differential Count:
% of each of the 5 major types of leukocytes
Immature neutrophils, are called?
band neutrophils
Also part of WBC
Elevated when RBCs are larger than normal…
MACROCYTIC
When the MCV is decreased, RBCs are smaller than normal
MICROCYTIC
Calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a RBC
CBC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Calculation of the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a red cell
CBC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
seen in conditions where the hemoglobin is abnormally diluted inside the red cells
Hypochromia
are seen in conditions where the hemoglobin is abnormally concentrated inside the red cells
Hyperchromia
Calculation of the variation in the size of RBCs
CBC Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
the amount of variation in RBC size
Anisocytosis
along with variation in shape in RBC
Polikilocytosis
causes an increase in the RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)
ANISOCYTOSIS, and POIKILOCYTOSIS (variations in size, and shape).
diseased condition causing low numbers of platelets
thrombocytopenia
This test is typically ordered as part of a history &
physical examination, but can also be used to monitor a disease process or the effectiveness of treatment.
CMP comprehensive metabolic panel
Basic Components of the CMP 14 tests
-Electrolytes (dissociated ions) Sodium Potassium Calcium Chloride -Carbon Dioxide -Glucose -Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) -Creatinine -Albumin -Total Protein -Total Bilirubin -Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) -Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) -Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
an enzyme mainly found in the liver; involved in amino acid catabolism
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
an enzyme found in the liver and a few other places, particularly the heart and skeletal muscles; also involved in amino acid catabolism
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
an enzyme related to the bile ducts; often increased when they are blocked or inflamed; when this occurs, the ALP can overflow like a backed up sewer and seep out of the liver and into the bloodstream; also found in bone
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
red blood cells. RBCs generally live for
90-100 days
Bilirubin is a hydrophobic waste product from the
metabolism of hemoglobin
The 3 tissues responsible for removing these deteriorating RBCs from the circulation are the
Liver, Spleen, and Bone marrow
The normal range for serum triglycerides is
35-160
An easy, inexpensive, non-specific test that has been used for many years to help detect conditions associated with acute and chronic inflammation, including infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
When an inflammatory process is present this causes red blood cells to stick to each other.
The red cells form stacks called…
ROULEAUX
The rate at which RBCs precipitate (in a Westergren tube) in mm/hr
ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Normal range for ESR
The normal range is 0-22 mm/hr for men and 0-29 mm/hr for women
This protein has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, heart attack, sudden death, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.
C-Reactive Protein
It has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, heart attack, sudden death, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.
[CRP] Low Risk for CVD
Less than 1.0 mg/L
[CRP] Intermediate Risk for CVD
Greater than 3.0 mg/L
[CRP] High Risk for CVD
Greater than 3.0 mg/L
There may be a link between cardio vascular disease and periodontal disease. Medical evaluation of patients with periodontal disease should include…
a lipid panel and blood glucose measurements (fasting and A1C)
A plasma hsCRP determination should also be considered
n the fetus, blood cells are also formed in
the liver and spleen (extramedullary erythropoiesis).
ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO), which is released by the
kidneys (and to a smaller extent, the liver)
RBCs enter the circulation as
reticulocytes
which still contain some organelles
An RBC integral protein that constitutes about 25% of total membrane protein; functions in anion transport, resulting in one-for-one exchange of bicarbonate for chloride across the membrane; also provides physical linkage of the lipid bilayer to the underlying membrane skeleton
BAND 3
Negatively charged RBC proteins that reducing the interaction of red cells with one another and with other cells
GLYCOPHORINS
serve as selective pores for RBC water transport
AQUAPORIN -1
The most important function of these proteins is to provide the red cell with a flexible, yet mechanically resilient and stable, membrane.
PROTEIN 4.1
PROTEIN 4.2
SPECTRIN
A disease characterized by the production of RBCs that are sphere-shaped rather than bi-concave disc shaped.
HEREDITARY Spherocytosis
is called carbamino-hemoglobin or carboxyhemoglobin
CO2 bound to hemoglobin
transports 30% of the total amount of CO 2
Hemoglobin molecules have __ polypeptide chains that contain sulfhydryl groups (-SH) that must be kept in______ form
4
reduced
If there is insufficient energy, the red cell cannot operate normally. Ionic gradients fail, and the red cell becomes a
SPHEROCYTE
a spherical shape
Erythrocyte glucose metabolism depends on
exclusively on cytosolic proteins
required to maintain glutathione on the red cell membrane in its reduced form
NADPH
required to maintain hemoglobin’s iron in the ferrous (reduced) state (Fe+2)
NADH
The pentose phosphate pathway is linked to glycolysis through…
Glucose 6 phosphate by the enzyme Glucose 6-phosphatase
How do blood Proteins (hemoglobin, albumins) act as a buffer.
if excess H+ is present (acidosis), the amine portion (-NH soaks up H+.
% of each of the 5 major types of leukocytes
WBC Diff count
