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ASDOH Hematology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three most common blood types?

A

O+ 37%
A+ 35%
B+ 8%

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2
Q

Blood type: antigens are peptides that are highly immunogenic, but not as much as Rh; individuals are either K+ or K-

A

Kell (K)

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3
Q

Blood type: Two main antigens, Fya and Fyb; individuals can be either Fy(a+b-), Fy(a-b+), Fy(a+b+) or Fy(a-b-)

A

Duffy (Fy)

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4
Q

Blood type two types of Lewis antigens, Lewis a and Lewis b; individuals can be Lewis(a+b-), Lewis(a-b+), Lewis(a+b+) or Lewis(a-b-)

A

Lewis

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5
Q

Transfusion reaction due to an antigen-antibody reaction as a result of an incompatible transfusion, resulting in severe or fatal intravascular hemolysis (concurrent with kidney failure)

A

Hemolytic

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6
Q

Transfusion reaction due to damaged blood products that release high levels of cytokines, leading to fever and chills; usually benign

A

Non-hemolytic

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7
Q

Transfusion reaction that may lead to rashes and itching; usually benign

A

Allergic

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8
Q

Transfusion Reaction that could cause pulmonary edema; outcome depends on other conditions

A

Due to Volume Overload

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9
Q

Transfusion Reaction that could lead to endotoxemia (as a result of free bacterial toxins) and septicemia; potentially fatal

A

Transfer of Bacteria

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10
Q

What is Pallor

A

Skin changes color due to anemia.

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11
Q

Acquired anemias include those that are due to Chronic disease

A

Chronic infections such as tuberculosis, osteomyelitis; chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus; malignancy; and renal failure

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12
Q

Acquired anemias include those that are due to Chronic Hemolysis

A

AIHA – acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia

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13
Q

ron Deficient Anemia is characterized by?

A

MICROCYTIC (MCV is decreased) and HYPOCHROMIC (MCH & MCHC are decreased)

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14
Q

Decreased Iron Absorption may be decreased by:

A

Either a problem with the GI tract (e.g., bleeding ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.) or an issue with a drug impairing iron absorption

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15
Q

Decreased vitamin B12 levels produce RBCs that are

A

MACROCYTIC (MCV is elevated)

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16
Q

enlarged RBCs due to B12 deficiency are sometimes referred to as

A

“MEGALOBLASTS” → “MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA”

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17
Q

Why may some one be diffident in B12?

A

Lack of INTRINSIC FACTOR (IF)

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18
Q

B12 deficiency due to decreased IF produces what is dubbed

A

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

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19
Q

Lack of IF is either an autoimmune attack on IF or on the…

A

PARIETAL CELLS in the STOMACH

20
Q

DOES NOT require intrinsic factor to be absorbed

21
Q

After significant blood loss Anemia only develops once the blood volume has been restored through the movement of fluid from the extravascular space to the intravascular space. The MCV remains normal and so this anemia is described as…

A

NORMOCYTIC

22
Q

It is not clear with many chronic diseases that produce anemia as to why they do! The anemia that they do produce is typically…

A

NORMOCYTIC

23
Q

Hemolytic anemias are disorders in which the red cells are destroyed faster than normal, i.e., they have a reduced lifespan. Anemia occurs because the bone marrow cannon keep pace with the rate of destruction.

A

Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)

24
Q

is caused by a variety of molecular defects in the genes that code for spectrin (alpha and beta), ankyrin, band 3 protein, protein 4.2 and other erythrocyte membrane proteins.

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

25
Q

is caused by a variety of molecular defects in the same genes affected by hereditary spherocytosis
End result is the same → the defects destabilize the cytoskeletal scaffolding of cells and the cells go poof!

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis

26
Q

Normal red cells remain intact until the NaCl concentration reaches ___%

27
Q

an X-linked disorder (so males are affected more frequently), is the most common enzymatic disorder of red blood cells in humans, affecting 400 million people worldwide

A

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

28
Q

seen with particular stains where hemoglobin has been rendered unstable due to oxidant damage; the_______ body is basically a cluster of denatured hemoglobin

A

HEINZ BODIES

29
Q

thought to result from the processing of cells through the spleen and removal of Heinz bodies

A

BITE CELLS

30
Q

results from a point mutation in the β globin gene, resulting in a change of amino acid number 6 (Glu → Val).

A

Sickle cell disease

31
Q

In sickle cell disease the resultant hemoglobin produced by the faulty gene is referred to as.

A

hemoglobin S (HbS).

32
Q

is classified after the gene affected

A

Thalassemia

33
Q

The consequence of impaired production of globin chains leads to RBCs being

A

MICROCYTIC and HYPOCHROMIC

34
Q

tends to present more dramatically, and must be treated early or death will occur within a short period of time

A

Acute leukemia

35
Q

is more indolent (slow growing) and in some cases may not require therapy for years. Chronic leukemias can be discovered by chance.

A

chronic leukemia

36
Q

Cancer of the myeloid line of stems cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal WBCs that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) (AML)

37
Q

is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults, and its incidence increases with age.

38
Q

Cancer of the lymphoid line of stem cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal WBCs that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) (ALL)

39
Q

is most common in childhood with a peak incidence at 2–5 years of age

40
Q

This mutation leads to transcription of proteins with high tyrosine kinase activity…

A

parts of two chromosomes, 9 and 22, swap places

or
Philadelphia chromosome

41
Q

Characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome.

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia) (CML)

42
Q

This leukemia has three main phases:

  1. Chronic Phase
  2. Accelerated Phase
  3. Blast Crisis
43
Q

Most common adult leukemia in Western societies with a peak incidence in patients between 60-80 and a male:female ratio of 2:1

A

Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) (CLL)

44
Q

Slow-growing leukemia characterized by progressive accumulation of cancerous cells in the bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes

45
Q

solid tumor masses and can originate within many different lymphoid tissues

46
Q

these are B lymphocytes that have lost the ability to produce antibodies.

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

47
Q

A group of lymphomas that include everything but Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas (NHL)

ASDOH Hematology (6 decks)

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