Test 1 Flashcards
Social Structure
repeated and predictable patterns of behavior
Modern Society (4things)
Urban, Industrial, Bureaucratic, Pluralistic
Previous Societies (4 things)
Rural, Agricultural, Traditional, Homogeneous
Sociological imagination
C. Wright Mills
- understand humor behavior in terms of the intersection of social structure, history, biography
- personal troubles vs public issues
Cui bono?
For whose good?
___ of generation will get a college education
30%
Modern Society (late 1700s) is a result of…
3 great revolutions and the Enlightenment
3 Revolutions
- Political
- Scientific
- Industrial
“Social Facts”
Emile Durkheim
- external to individual
- coercive over individual
“Interpretive” Sociology
focus is on definitional processes and interaction
-occurs at the symbolic level
Conflict Theory
Karl Marx
- scare resources are unevenly distributed among different social groups
- source of conflict= inequality
According to Conflict Theory, _______ is the most important sector of society and the chief source of conflict
Economy
Functionalism
focuses on relations between a social whole and its parts
“institutional spheres”
areas of social action (family, economy, etc.)
Function
purpose that some action or part of society serves to maintain the whole
Emile Durkheim
- crime and deviance
- plays a role in maintaining group identity and solidarity
Interpretive Approach
Max Weber
- “verstehen” (understanding)
- intersubjectivity
- people act on the basis of meanings
- how we define social situations
symbolic interaction
the social processes involved in creating and maintaining a given reality (esp creation of social self)
culture
an inherited system of symbolic forms and moral demands that controls individual behavior
Symbolic forms
signs & symbols, language, formal knowledge systems, informal knowledge systems
signs
action or gestures used to communicate an idea
symbols
signs to which we attach generalized meanings
Diversity
variations in the symbolic/moral systems underlying different human societies
Universals
beliefs, values, practices common to all human societies
Relativism
what people consider to be “normal” is specific to that society/culture and historical period
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one’s own culture is preferable and superior to others
Values
broad general standards about how things ought to be
Patterns are produced by _____
norms
Norms are produced by _____
values
Norms
rules for how things out to be done
Norms are enforced by ____
sanctions
Sanctions
rewards for abiding by the norm and/or punishments for violating the norm
Status
a social position
Role
the behavior expected of a person because of the social position they occupy
Ascribed Status
a social position based upon some inherited characteristic
Achieved Status
an earned social position
Status/Role Set
all of the social positions a person occupies
Status/Role Consistency
the degree to which there is congruence among social positions in a person’s status set
(Status)-role Strain
conflicting social statuses
Group
2 or more statuses with shared norms, oriented to a general purpose
Primary groups
small, long lasting, intimate with intrinsic reward
Secondary groups
Large, short term, instrumental with extrinsic reward
Organizations
2 or more groups with shared norms, oriented to one or more purposes
Institutions
society-wide, aggregated patterns of behavior, designed to solve specific problems or accomplish specific tasks
Society
a population of people in a territory with a shared identity that survives across at least 2 generations
Relationship between culture and social structure is ______
dialectical (social structures both produce and are produced by culture)
4 Universal Institutions
- Economy
- Polity
- Religion
- Kinship
economy
that institution in society that arranges for the production and distribution of the goods needed for survival
3 types of economy
Hunter-Gatherer, Agrarian, and Industrial
Polity
that institution in society that arranges for the distribution of power (violence, democracy, monarchy, totalitarian)
Religion
that institution in society that helps people adjust to things which are born undesirable and inescapable
Kinship
that institution in society that arranges for: regulation of sexual relations, child rearing, and household composition
Socialization
the process by which people learn, and take into themselves culture and social structure
Psychoanalysis
Freud, theory of how the self is formed and deformed
-a method for helping self come to terms with society
Id
instinctual drives, pleasure principle
Ego
“referee” between id and superego
Superego
culture, internalized
Developmental Stages of Psychoanalysis
Oral, Anal, Phallic
George Herbert Mead believed that _________
self emerges through a process of symbolic interaction
“action”
behavior directed by the meanings people attach to their behavior and to the situation
“interaction”
behavior among 2+ persons guided by mutual understandings of meanings
sociology
study of human society
social institution
narrative or story embedded within a social network about he standard ways society meets its needs
interpretive sociology
the study of social meaning
microsociology
seeks to understand local interactional contests
macrosociology
concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis
quantitative methods
obtain information in numeric form
qualitative methods
non numeric form
nonmaterial culture vs material culture
values, beliefs, behaviors vs technology, etc
ideology
system of concepts and relationships
reflection theory
culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere
hegemony
historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership throughout society by winning the voluntary consent of popular masses
