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Sociology > Sociology Final > Flashcards

Sociology Final Flashcards

1
Q

Religion

A

that institution in society that helps people adjust to those things that are both undesirable and inescapable

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2
Q

Durkheim’s definition of religion

A

a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
-which unities into one single moral community called a church all those who adhere to them

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3
Q

Symbols

A

signs to which we attach generalized meaning

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4
Q

Binary opposition

A

Normal/Deviant

Good/Evil

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5
Q

Sacred

A

things set apart, forbidden, awe and reverence

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6
Q

Profane

A

all that isn’t sacred; the mundane, every day aspects of life

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7
Q

Ritual

A

required practices, forbidden acts

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8
Q

Shared beliefs

A

purpose and meaning of existence, commonly held moral code

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9
Q

Sociological Conceptions of Religion

A

Durkheim vs Marx vs Weber

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10
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bureaucracy

A

?????

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11
Q

Scientific Management- Frederick W. Taylor

A

attempt to apply principles of formal rationality to all industrial production

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12
Q

Hawthorne Studies

A

tested Taylorism (scientific management)

  • the lighting experiment
  • bank-wiring experiment

***Humans control the production process

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13
Q

Three Waves of Migration

A
  1. Classical (Rural to Urban)
  2. From Europe
  3. Classical part 2, Rural Black Farmers
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14
Q

Increased Pluralism added importance to:

A

race and ethnicity

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15
Q

Race

A

a social category based upon some inherited biological characteristic

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16
Q

Ethnicity

A

a social category based upon some cultural trait or characteristic

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17
Q

Increased pluralism contributes to:

A

stereotypes and discrimination

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18
Q

Stereotypes

A

simplified, rigid mental images of what members of certain groups are like

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

the unequal treatment of certain people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender

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20
Q

Concentric Zones in Chicago

A
  1. Central Business District
  2. Zone in Transition
  3. Working Class Zone (single family tenements)
  4. Residential Zone (single family homes)
  5. Commuter Zone (suburbs)
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21
Q

Assimilation

A

a process of cooperation in which one ethnic group loses it’s identity

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22
Q

Temporality

A

establishing that x comes before y

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23
Q

Thorstein Sellin’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

cultural conflict

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24
Q

Frederick Thrasher’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

gang activity

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25
Q

Daniel Bell’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

“Crime as an American Way of Life”

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26
Q

Cesarare Lombrose’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

inherited inferiorities or abnormalities

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27
Q

Inherited Inferiorities/Abnormalities thought to cause deviance

A
  1. Physique- “Atavistic anomalies”
  2. Phrenology- feeling bumps of people’s skulls
  3. XYY
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28
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

differential association (depends on who you hang out with)

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29
Q

Things Criminals learn (3):

A
  1. Definition of Situation
  2. “Skills”
  3. Rationalize
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30
Q

Gresham Sykes and David Matza’s theories on Crime and Deviance

A

Techniques of neutralization

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31
Q

Robert Merton’s theories on Crime and Deviance

A
  • strain between cultural goals and legitimate access to goals
  • anomie
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32
Q

______ believes that crime and deviance are functional

A

Durkheim

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33
Q

Labeling Theory

A

Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert

  • **not the act, but the societal reaction
  • **no criminal act that is ALWAYS considered deviant
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34
Q

secondary deviance

A

?????

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35
Q

Deviance varies across:

A

Time, Situation, Culture

36
Q

Negative label is know as a ______

A

stigma (Spoiled social identity)

37
Q

Sex is a __________ fact

A

biological

38
Q

Gender is a _____ fact

A

cultural and social-psychological

39
Q

Sex:

A

biological characteristics that differentiate women and men

40
Q

Gender:

A

the socially constructed patterning of masculinity and femininity and of relations between women and men

41
Q

“Doing Gender”

A

the ongoing process through which people create gender for themselves and others by acting and appearing the way we “should” as men and women

42
Q

Family

A

institution in society that arranges for:

  1. Regulation of Sexual Relations
  2. Household Composition
  3. Child-rearing
43
Q

Divorce rates

A

***SEE NOTES

44
Q

Factors predicting success and failure of marriage:

A
  • Education- 1/3 to 1/4 the rate of non grads
  • Age- nearly 1/2 under 18, 40% under 20, 24% over 25
  • Religion- same as gen pop
  • Region- highest in South and Midwest
  • Cohabitation- higher risk if cohabiting before marriage
45
Q

______% of custodial parents were mothers

46
Q

Lineality vs Locality

A

know difference

47
Q

Lineality

A

blood and property lines are traced

48
Q

Locality

A

where his are raised

49
Q

patrilineal

A

trace blood and property lines along father

50
Q

Matrilocal and Patrilineal Society

A

dads name, mom raised

51
Q

3 Great Revolutions

A
  1. Scientific
  2. Political
  3. Industrial
52
Q

Culture

A

inherited norms and values of a society

53
Q

Social structure

A

repeated and predictable patterns of behavior

54
Q

Values

A

broad general standards about how things ought to be done

55
Q

Norms

A

rules for how things ought to be done

56
Q

Sanctions

A

rewards for abiding by the norm/punishments for violating it

57
Q

Status

A

a social position

58
Q

Role

A

behavior expected of a person because of the social position they occupy

59
Q

Ascribed vs Achieved Status

A

born with it vs earned

60
Q

Role Sets

A

all the social positions a person occupies

61
Q

Role Strain

A

roles expect contradicting things

62
Q

Socialization

A

process by which people learn culture and social structure

63
Q

Self emerges through a process of ____________.

Who said this?

A

symbolic interaction; George Herbert Mead

64
Q

Mead’s Theories of Socialization

A
  1. Play Stage- experimenting with a role (imitating, not taking on role)
  2. Game stage- purposeful acting out a role (taking on role, not just acting)
65
Q

Freud’s Theories of Socialization vs Mead

A

*****see notes

66
Q

symbolic interaction

A

how we interact with symbols that carry meaning (language, waving, etc)

67
Q

4 Major Institutions of Society

A
  1. Economy
  2. Government
  3. Family
  4. Religion
68
Q

Economy

A

arranges for production and distribution of goods

69
Q

Government

A

distributes power and control

70
Q

Importance of Industrialization for Society?

71
Q

Social Differentiation

A

different Classes

72
Q

Adam Smith’s Specialization Theories

A

large middle class

**Stable

73
Q

Marx’s theories on Specialization

A

few wealthy, many poor, no middle class

  • *Unstable
  • **Alienation
74
Q

Durkheim’s theories on Specialization

A

cautiously optimistic

  • few wealthy, few poor, a lot of working class
  • **could produce anomie
75
Q

Weber vs Marx on stratification

76
Q

Household Economy

A

orientation away from market, produced subsistence, barter/trade of items, ec

77
Q

3 Essential Characteristics of Capitalism

A
  1. The Market
  2. Distinct Economic Institutions
  3. Profit Orientation
78
Q

Market

A

impersonal buying and selling of commodities

79
Q

Profit Orientation

A

allows accumulation of wealth

80
Q

Impact of Specialization on Stratification:

Marx vs Smith

A 
Marx: 2 class society
Smith: large middle class
81
Q

Marx’s view on religion

A

“Opiate of the Masses”

  • controls people
  • force used to keep people in line
82
Q

Durkheim’s view on religion

A
  • way to produce solidarity

- used to serve functions, convey cultural norms and values, etc

83
Q

Significance of Weber’s work?

A

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

84
Q

Ideal-typical bureaucracy

A

maximizes efficiency, no nepotism, maximizes productivity

85
Q

Scientific Management vs Hawthorne Studies

A
  1. Scientific Management doesn’t account for fact that workers are human
  2. People can change behavior in experiment

Sociology (3 decks)

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