Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology > Sociology Final > Flashcards

Sociology Final Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Religion

A

that institution in society that helps people adjust to those things that are both undesirable and inescapable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Durkheim’s definition of religion

A

a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
-which unities into one single moral community called a church all those who adhere to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Symbols

A

signs to which we attach generalized meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Binary opposition

A

Normal/Deviant

Good/Evil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sacred

A

things set apart, forbidden, awe and reverence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Profane

A

all that isn’t sacred; the mundane, every day aspects of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ritual

A

required practices, forbidden acts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Shared beliefs

A

purpose and meaning of existence, commonly held moral code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sociological Conceptions of Religion

A

Durkheim vs Marx vs Weber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bureaucracy

A

?????

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Scientific Management- Frederick W. Taylor

A

attempt to apply principles of formal rationality to all industrial production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hawthorne Studies

A

tested Taylorism (scientific management)

  • the lighting experiment
  • bank-wiring experiment

***Humans control the production process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three Waves of Migration

A
  1. Classical (Rural to Urban)
  2. From Europe
  3. Classical part 2, Rural Black Farmers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Increased Pluralism added importance to:

A

race and ethnicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Race

A

a social category based upon some inherited biological characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ethnicity

A

a social category based upon some cultural trait or characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Increased pluralism contributes to:

A

stereotypes and discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stereotypes

A

simplified, rigid mental images of what members of certain groups are like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Discrimination

A

the unequal treatment of certain people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Concentric Zones in Chicago

A
  1. Central Business District
  2. Zone in Transition
  3. Working Class Zone (single family tenements)
  4. Residential Zone (single family homes)
  5. Commuter Zone (suburbs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Assimilation

A

a process of cooperation in which one ethnic group loses it’s identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Temporality

A

establishing that x comes before y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thorstein Sellin’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

cultural conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Frederick Thrasher’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

gang activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Daniel Bell’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

“Crime as an American Way of Life”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cesarare Lombrose’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

inherited inferiorities or abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inherited Inferiorities/Abnormalities thought to cause deviance

A
  1. Physique- “Atavistic anomalies”
  2. Phrenology- feeling bumps of people’s skulls
  3. XYY
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

differential association (depends on who you hang out with)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Things Criminals learn (3):

A
  1. Definition of Situation
  2. “Skills”
  3. Rationalize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gresham Sykes and David Matza’s theories on Crime and Deviance

A

Techniques of neutralization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Robert Merton’s theories on Crime and Deviance

A
  • strain between cultural goals and legitimate access to goals
  • anomie
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

______ believes that crime and deviance are functional

A

Durkheim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Labeling Theory

A

Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert

  • **not the act, but the societal reaction
  • **no criminal act that is ALWAYS considered deviant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

secondary deviance

A

?????

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Deviance varies across:

A

Time, Situation, Culture

36
Q

Negative label is know as a ______

A

stigma (Spoiled social identity)

37
Q

Sex is a __________ fact

A

biological

38
Q

Gender is a _____ fact

A

cultural and social-psychological

39
Q

Sex:

A

biological characteristics that differentiate women and men

40
Q

Gender:

A

the socially constructed patterning of masculinity and femininity and of relations between women and men

41
Q

“Doing Gender”

A

the ongoing process through which people create gender for themselves and others by acting and appearing the way we “should” as men and women

42
Q

Family

A

institution in society that arranges for:

  1. Regulation of Sexual Relations
  2. Household Composition
  3. Child-rearing
43
Q

Divorce rates

A

***SEE NOTES

44
Q

Factors predicting success and failure of marriage:

A
  • Education- 1/3 to 1/4 the rate of non grads
  • Age- nearly 1/2 under 18, 40% under 20, 24% over 25
  • Religion- same as gen pop
  • Region- highest in South and Midwest
  • Cohabitation- higher risk if cohabiting before marriage
45
Q

______% of custodial parents were mothers

A

85

46
Q

Lineality vs Locality

A

know difference

47
Q

Lineality

A

blood and property lines are traced

48
Q

Locality

A

where his are raised

49
Q

patrilineal

A

trace blood and property lines along father

50
Q

Matrilocal and Patrilineal Society

A

dads name, mom raised

51
Q

3 Great Revolutions

A
  1. Scientific
  2. Political
  3. Industrial
52
Q

Culture

A

inherited norms and values of a society

53
Q

Social structure

A

repeated and predictable patterns of behavior

54
Q

Values

A

broad general standards about how things ought to be done

55
Q

Norms

A

rules for how things ought to be done

56
Q

Sanctions

A

rewards for abiding by the norm/punishments for violating it

57
Q

Status

A

a social position

58
Q

Role

A

behavior expected of a person because of the social position they occupy

59
Q

Ascribed vs Achieved Status

A

born with it vs earned

60
Q

Role Sets

A

all the social positions a person occupies

61
Q

Role Strain

A

roles expect contradicting things

62
Q

Socialization

A

process by which people learn culture and social structure

63
Q

Self emerges through a process of ____________.

Who said this?

A

symbolic interaction; George Herbert Mead

64
Q

Mead’s Theories of Socialization

A
  1. Play Stage- experimenting with a role (imitating, not taking on role)
  2. Game stage- purposeful acting out a role (taking on role, not just acting)
65
Q

Freud’s Theories of Socialization vs Mead

A

*****see notes

66
Q

symbolic interaction

A

how we interact with symbols that carry meaning (language, waving, etc)

67
Q

4 Major Institutions of Society

A
  1. Economy
  2. Government
  3. Family
  4. Religion
68
Q

Economy

A

arranges for production and distribution of goods

69
Q

Government

A

distributes power and control

70
Q

Importance of Industrialization for Society?

A
71
Q

Social Differentiation

A

different Classes

72
Q

Adam Smith’s Specialization Theories

A

large middle class

**Stable

73
Q

Marx’s theories on Specialization

A

few wealthy, many poor, no middle class

  • *Unstable
  • **Alienation
74
Q

Durkheim’s theories on Specialization

A

cautiously optimistic

  • few wealthy, few poor, a lot of working class
  • **could produce anomie
75
Q

Weber vs Marx on stratification

A

??????

76
Q

Household Economy

A

orientation away from market, produced subsistence, barter/trade of items, ec

77
Q

3 Essential Characteristics of Capitalism

A
  1. The Market
  2. Distinct Economic Institutions
  3. Profit Orientation
78
Q

Market

A

impersonal buying and selling of commodities

79
Q

Profit Orientation

A

allows accumulation of wealth

80
Q

Impact of Specialization on Stratification:

Marx vs Smith

A 
Marx: 2 class society
Smith: large middle class
81
Q

Marx’s view on religion

A

“Opiate of the Masses”

  • controls people
  • force used to keep people in line
82
Q

Durkheim’s view on religion

A
  • way to produce solidarity

- used to serve functions, convey cultural norms and values, etc

83
Q

Significance of Weber’s work?

A

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

84
Q

Ideal-typical bureaucracy

A

maximizes efficiency, no nepotism, maximizes productivity

85
Q

Scientific Management vs Hawthorne Studies

A
  1. Scientific Management doesn’t account for fact that workers are human
  2. People can change behavior in experiment

Sociology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions