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Anthropology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do ethnographers discover the totality and inter-connectedness in social life

A

Remove from setting to setting in place to place they draw on very techniques to piece together a picture of otherwise alien lifestyles

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2
Q

What are The 8 ethnographic techniques

A

1) Direct first-hand observation of behavior
2) Different degrees of conversation formal and informal
3) The genealogical method
4) Detailed information about particular areas of community life
5) In-depth interviewing about people’s history and lives
6) Problem oriented research of many store
7) Long just to do research the continuous long-term study of an area
8) Team research coordinating research by multiple ethnographers

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3
Q

Why should ethnographers pay Close attention to hundred of details in daily life the first few weeks on the field

A

Because things never seem as strange the way they did the first week in the field call Trish

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4
Q

What is the imponderabilia of native life and typical behavior

A

We are the aspects which are distinctive smell noise people make how they cover their mouth eat and gaze at others. Patterns it seem Travail

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5
Q

Questionnaire

A

Form used by sociologist to obtain comparable information from respondents

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6
Q

Interview schedule

A

Form used to structure of formal but personal interview

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7
Q

Genealogical method

A

Using diagrams and symbols to record kin connections

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8
Q

Cultural consultants

A

People who teach an ethnographer about their culture

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9
Q

Key cultural consultants

A

Experts on particular aspect of local life

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10
Q

Life history

A

Of the key consultant a personal portrait of someone’s life in culture

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11
Q

How can life history play in important role on analysis

A

It reveals how specific people perceive react to an contribute to change that affect their lives such accounts can illustrate diversity which exist within any community because the focuses on how different people interpret and deal with some of the same problems

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12
Q

Are people the only Data source

A

No factors such as population density climate diet and land-use rainfall temperature fields dietary quantities or time allocation government archives

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13
Q

Longitudinal research

A

Long-term study usually based on repeated visits

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14
Q

Etic

A

Research strategy emphasizing that ethnographers explanation and categories

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15
Q

Emic

A

Research strategy focusing on local exclamation meaning

How local people think

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16
Q

What is one of the goals of ethnography

A

To discover local native views beliefs and perceptions which may be compared with that ethnographers own observation and conclusion

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17
Q

Ethnographers usually do not use both etic and emic research strategy.

True or false explain if false

A

False they typically combine both perspectives of research strategy

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18
Q

Survey research

A

The study of society through sampling statistical analysis and in personal data collection

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19
Q

Sample

A

Hey smaller study group chosen to represent a larger Population

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20
Q

Random sample

A

A sample in which a population members have an equal statistical chance of being chosen

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21
Q

Variables

A

Attributes that differ from one person case to the next

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22
Q

Complex societies

A

Large population societies with social stratification and central government

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23
Q

Respondent are

A

The people studied

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24
Q

What is the ethnographic method and the emphasis on

A

It is on personal relationships and social research

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25
Q

Can anthropologist study anything They want

A

No they can’t study things simply because they’re interesting or value to science or even benefit the public because ethical issues must also be a prime consideration

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26
Q

Informed consent

A

Agreement to take part in research after having being informed about its purpose nature procedures and possible impact

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27
Q

What are some things anthropologist should try to do

A

1) include host country colleagues in the research planning
2) establish collaborative relationships with host country institutions
3) include host country colleagues in dissemination including publication of the research results
4) ensure that something is given back to the host country for example research equipment stays in the host country

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28
Q

What are anthropologist primary obligation

A

Is to do no harm to the people being studied

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29
Q

AAA

A

American anthropology association

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30
Q

What is the AAA code for

A

To offer guidelines and promote discussion and education rather to investigate possible misconduct

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31
Q

What should anthropologist do before research

A

They should inform all parties affected by the research about its nature goals procedures potential impact and source of funding

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32
Q

What is the paramount importance

A

The anthropologist study the route of terrorism and violence

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33
Q

And Morgan scheme describe the subdivided savagery and barbarianism
upper middle and lower

A
  • The earliest humans lived in lower savage with subsistence based on fruits and nuts
  • middle savage people started fishing and gain control over fire
  • Upper savage was the invention of the bow and arrow
  • lower barbarianism began when human started making pottery
  • middle barbarianism in the old world depended on the domestication of plants and animals and in the Americas •upper barbarianism Iron smelting and the use of iron tools
  • civilization finally came about with invention of writing
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34
Q

Unilinear evolution

A

Idea 19th century of a single line or path of cultural development

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35
Q

Historical Particularism

A

Idea that histories are not comparable diverse paths can lead to same cultural results

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36
Q

Cultural generalities

A

Cultural traits that are shared by some but not all societies

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37
Q

Diffusion

A

Borrowing among cultures

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38
Q

Functionalism

A

Approach focusing on the role of social culture practices and social system

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39
Q

Malinowski Believe that?

A

Humans had a set of universal biological needs and that customs developed to fill those needs.
any practice played and satisfying those universal biological needs which is the need for food sex and shelter

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40
Q

Synchronic

A

Studying societies at one time

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41
Q

Diachronic

A

Studying societies across time

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42
Q

Radcliffe brown thought

A

Custom practices social roles and behavior functions kept the social system running smoothly the way the organs keep the body running smoothly

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43
Q

Configurationalism

A

The view of culture as integrated in patterned

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44
Q

Cultural materialism

A

Idea that culture infrastructure determine the structure and superstructure

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45
Q

Structure

A

Social relations forms of kinship and descendent pattern of distribution and consumption

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46
Q

Superstructure

A

Religion ideology play aspects of culture furthest away from the meat in the bones that enable culture to survive

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47
Q

Superorganic

A

The special domain of culture beyond organic and inorganic rounds

48
Q

What is the great man theory of history

A

The idea that particular individuals responsible for great discoveries

49
Q

Symbolic anthropology

A

The study of symbols and their social and cultural Contexts

50
Q

Interpretive anthropology

A

The study of a culture as a system of meaning

51
Q

Agency

A

The actions of individuals alone and in groups that create the transform cultures

52
Q

What is Levi’s Stratuss’s belief

A

That human minds have certain universal characteristics which originate in common features of the Homo sapiens brain
This leaves people everywhere to think similarly regardless of their society and cultural background

53
Q

What do contemporary anthropologist emphasize

A

How day today action practices or resistance can make and remake culture

54
Q

Agency

A

The actions of individuals alone and groups that create and transform culture

55
Q

Practice theory

A

Recognizes that individuals within a society very in their motives and intentions and in the amount of power and influence they have

56
Q

Political economy

A

The web of interrelated economic and power relations in society

57
Q

Language

A

Primary means of human communication spoken and written

58
Q

Call system

A

Communication systems of nonhuman primate

59
Q

What is the key feature on language

A

It is always changing

60
Q

Cultural transmission

A

Transmission through learning basic to language

61
Q

Productivity

A

Creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers

62
Q

Displacement

A

Describing things and events that are not present basic to language

63
Q

Kinesics

A

study of communication through body movements and faucial expressions

64
Q

Phonology

A

Study of sound used in speech in a particular language

65
Q

Morphology

A

Linguist stick study of morphemes of a word construction

Cat and cats

66
Q

Lexicon

A

Vocabulary all the morphemes in a language and their meaning

67
Q

Syntax

A

Arrangement and order of words and phrases and sentences

Weather nouns usually come before or after verbs

68
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning

Bit and beat

69
Q

Phonetics

A

Study of speech sound what people actually say

70
Q

Phonemics

A

Study of significant sound contrast in a language

71
Q

Sapphire who’re hypothesis

A

Siri that different languages produce different patterns of

72
Q

Focal Vocabulary

A

Set of words describing particular domains of experience such as a cattle rancher has different words different vocabulary than a businessman in New York

73
Q

Ethnosemantics

A

Study of lexical vocabulary categories and contrast

Kingman ship terminology and color terminology

74
Q

Semantics

A

A language meaning system as an insiders like for hockey puck is a biscuit in an insider term

75
Q

Style shifts

A

Varying one speech and different social context

76
Q

Diglosses

A

Language with high formal and low informal familial dialect

77
Q

Honorifics

A

Terms of respect is to honor people

78
Q

African-American vernacular English AAVE

A

Rule governed dialect spoken by some African-Americans

79
Q

Historical linguistics

A

Study of language overtime

80
Q

Subgroups

A

Closely related language

81
Q

Daughter language

A

Languages sharing a common parent French and Spanish for example our daughter language of Latin there common protolanguage

82
Q

Protolanguage

A

Language ancestral to several daughter languages basically the Parent language

83
Q

A close relationship between language means that their speakers are closely related biologically or culturally

True or false explain why

A

Falls because it doesn’t mean they are closely related biologically are culturally because people can adopt new languages

84
Q

What happens when language disappears

A

Cultural diversity is reduced as well.

centuries of thinking about Time season sea creatures reindeer edible flowers are all lost

85
Q

Ethnic group

A

One among several culturally distinct groups in society or region
Share beliefs values habits customs and Norm because of the common background

86
Q

Ethnicity

A

Identification with an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other goods because of this affiliation

87
Q

Status

A

Any position that determines where someone fits in society

88
Q

Ascribed status

A

Social status based on little or no choice

89
Q

Achieved status

A

Social status based on choice or accomplishments

90
Q

Race

A

Ethnic group assume to have biological basis same blood

91
Q

Racism

A

Discrimination against an ethic group assumed to have biological bias

92
Q

What does the AAA statement stress about inequalities among racial groups

A

Are not consequence of their biological inheritance book products of social economic and educational and political circumstances

93
Q

Descent

A

Social identity based on ancestry

94
Q

Hypodescent

A

Children of mixed unions assigned to the same group as their minority Parent

95
Q

What do most Americans believe incorrectly

A

That their population includes biologically-based raise to which various labels are played such as white black yellow red Caucasian

96
Q

Stratified

A

Class structure with difference and wealth prestige and power

97
Q

not us race in Japan

A

Do Japanese people consider themselves higher than any other racial group and think it is OK to treat anyone who is another race less and subordinate

98
Q

Phenotype

A

Describes an organism is evident traits it’s magnet festive biology and physiology and anatomy including skin color hair form facial

99
Q

Nationstate

A

And a Tonna miss political entity a country

100
Q

Nation

A

Society searing a language religion history territory ancestry and kinship

101
Q

State

A

Certified society with formal central government

102
Q

Colonialism

A

Long-term foreign domination of territory and its people

103
Q

Nationalities

A

Ethic groups that have once had or want their own country

104
Q

Assimilation

A

Describes the process of change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates

105
Q

Plural society

A

Society with an economically independent ethnic group

106
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Do you have culture diversity as valuable and worth maintains

107
Q

Discrimination

A

Policies and practices that harm a group and its members

108
Q

Culture can be both what and what

A

Adaptive and maladaptive the perception of cultural differences can have disastrous effects on social interaction

109
Q

Why do ethnic differences often lead to conflict and violence

A

The causes include economic and political competition reaction to discrimination and prejudice and other expressions of devalued identity

110
Q

Prejudice

A

Devouring a group because of its assumed attributes

111
Q

Stereotypes

A

Fixed idea often unfavorable about what members of a group or like

112
Q

Genocide

A

deliberate elimination of a group through a mass murder

113
Q

Refugees

A

People who’ve Leah country to escape persecution or war

114
Q

Ethnocide

A

Distraction of cultures or certain ethnic group

115
Q

Cultural colonialism

A

Internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

Anthropology (6 decks)

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