Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Structures of the human body and how those structures relate to one another
A
Anatomy
2
Q
The careful cutting of a body for research or for academic reasons
A
Dissection
3
Q
The function of the human body
A
Physiology
4
Q
Can you have anatomy without physiology
A
No
5
Q
What are the four diagnostic techniques
A
Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion
6
Q
The observing of the body for any changes that deviate from normal
A
Inspection
7
Q
Touching of body structures
A
Palpation
8
Q
Listening, heart sounds breath sounds
A
Auscultation
9
Q
Tapping on body surfaces to listen to changes, resulting echo
A
Percussion
10
Q
Does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or into a body opening
A
Noninvasive Diagnostic techniques
11
Q
This diagnostic technique might involve a physician examining a mouth cavity for evidence of disease
A
Inspection
12
Q
This diagnostic technique might involve an examiner touching the neck surfaces with the hands
A
Palpation
13
Q
Name the levels of body organization in order
A
Chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, system, organismal
14
Q
This level of the body can be compared to the letters of the alphabet; involves atoms and molecules
A
Chemical level
15
Q
This level of the body is the basic structure and functional units of an organism
A
Cellular level
16
Q
This level of the body consists of groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
A
Tissue
17
Q
Name the four basic types of tissue in your body
A
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
18
Q
This type of tissue covers the body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
A
Epithelial tissue
19
Q
This type of tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
A
Connective tissue
20
Q
This tissue contracts (shortens) to make body parts move and generates heat
A
Muscular tissue
21
Q
This tissue carries information from one part of the body to another
A
Nervous tissue
22
Q
This is the study of the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of the egg
A
Embryology
23
Q
The study of the complete developmental history of an individual from fertilization to death
A
Developmental biology
24
Q
This is the study of cellular structure and function
A
Cell biology
25
This is the study of microscopic structure of tissues
Histology
26
This is the study of internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections
Sectional anatomy
27
This is the study of structures that can be examined without using a microscope
Gross anatomy
28
This is the study of structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system
Systemic anatomy
29
This is the study of specific regions of the body such as the head or the chest
Regional anatomy
30
This level of the body is where different types of tissues are joined together; they are composed of 2 or more different types of tissues
Organ level
31
Name some examples of organs
Stomach, heart, liver, lungs, and brain
32
This level of the body consists of related organs with a common function
System level
33
This level of the body is the largest level and includes any living individual
Organismal Level
34
What are the 6 life processes
Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction
35
The sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body; includes the breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller simpler ones
Metabolism
36
This is the body's ability to deter and respond to changes in its internal or external environment
Responsiveness
37
This includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, singles cells, and even structures inside cells
Movement
38
This is an increase in body size, may be the increase of number of cells or growth of material between cells
Growth
39
This is the process unspecialized cells go through to become specialized cells; all cells start off as stem cells
Differentiation
40
This refers to the formation of new cells through cell division
Reproduction
41
This is the standard position of reference for the description of anatomical structures
Anatomical position
42
What is the anatomical position
Subject stands erect facing the observer, feet are flat, and directed forward, palms facing forward
43
This consists of the skill and face
Head
44
This encloses and protects the brain
Skull
45
This is the front portion of the head that includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks and chin
face
46
What does NAV stand for
Nerve Artery Vein
47
Where is the axillary nerve
In the armpit
48
This is a vertical plane that dives the body or organ into right and left sides
Sagittal plane
49
When a plane passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides
Midsagittal plane
50
This plane divides the body or organ into front or back portions
Frontal (coronal) plane
51
This plane divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions
Transverse plane
52
This plane passes through the body or organ at an angle other than 90 degrees
Oblique
53
frontal
forehead
54
temporal
temple
55
Orbital or ocular
eye
56
Otic
ear
57
buccal
cheek
58
cervical
neck
59
mental
chin
60
brachial
arm
61
antecubital
front of elbow
62
antebrachial
forearm
63
carpal
wrist
64
palmar or volar
palm
65
digital or phalangeal
fingers
66
sternal
breastbone
67
mammary
breast
68
umbilical
navel
69
coxal
hip
70
inguinal
groin
71
manual
hand
72
pollex
thumb
73
femoral
thigh
74
patellar
anterior surface of knee
75
crural
leg
76
tarsal
ankle
77
pedal
foot
78
dorsum
top of foot
79
hallux
great toe
80
occipital
base of skull
81
acromial
shoulder
82
scapular
shoulder blade
83
vertebral
spinal column
84
olecranal or cubital
back of elbow
85
sacral
between the hips
86
coccygeal
tailbone
87
gluteal
buttock
88
perineal
region of anus and external genitals
89
popliteal
hollow behind the knee
90
plantar
sole
91
calcaneal
heel
92
dorsum
back of hand
93
relating to the nose and mouth region; toward the face
rostral
94
relating to the tail, at or near the tail or posterior part of the body
caudal
95
relating to the belly side of the body; toward the belly
ventral
96
relating to the back side of the body; toward the back
dorsal
97
nearer to the midline
medial
98
farther form the midline
lateral
99
between two structures
intermediate
100
on the same side of the body's midline as another structure
ipsilateral
101
on the opposite side of the body's midline from another structure
contralateral
102
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
proximal
103
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
distal
104
away from the surface of the body
deep
105
toward or on the surface of the body
superficial
106
any abnormality of structure and/or function
disorder
107
a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs in which body structures and functions are altered in characteristic ways (imbalance or homeostatic imbalance)
disease
108
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (headache, nausea, anxiety)
symptoms
109
objective changes that can be observed and measured (fever, blood pressure, rash)
sign
110
open wound
lesion
111
study of disease
epidemiology
112
study how drugs are used to treat disease
pharmacology
113
distinguish one disease from another
diagnosis
114
this tissue covers body surfaces, and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands; this tissue allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environments
epithelial tissue
115
Most abundant of all tissues in the body, even blood is the form of a tissue; protects and supports the body and its organs; binds the organs, stores energy as fat and it provides immunity
connective tissue
116
this tissue generates physical force for movement and also regulate body heat
muscular
117
these tissues detects changes in a variety of conditions; responds by initiating and transmitting nerve impulses that help control and coordinate body activities
nervous
118
These are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
cell junctions
119
what are the 5 most important types of cell junctions
tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions
120
Forms a really tight seal (water-tight) between epithelial cells; plasma membrane with a back up wall of proteins that holds the membrane together; examples: lining of the stomach, intestines, and bladder; stops any passage of substances between the cell
tight junctions
121
Strongly fastens cells to each other, help epithelial surfaces from separating
adherens junctions
122
Strongly fastens cells together; but they prevent epidermal cells from separating: imp because it hold skin together; keeps cardiac cells from separating during contraction
desmosomes
123
half of a desmosome; anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue; does it through the basement membrane
hemidesmosomes
124
Tiny fluid filled tunnels, help electrical signals pass through; helps it get from one cell to the next cell; nervous system, cardiac muscle and GI tract
gap junctions
125
this layer of epithelial tissue is a single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption
simple epithelium
126
single layer of flat cells that resembles a tiled floor when viewed from the apical surface; occurs in two common locations: lines the cardiovascular and lymphatic system
simple squamous epithelium
127
present at sites where the processes of filtration, diffusion, and secretion occur; not found in body areas that are subject to mechanical stress
simple squamous epithelium
128
covers surface of ovary, lines anterior surface of capsule of the lens of the eye, lines kidney tubules; function: secretion and absorption
simple cuboidal epithelium
129
lines the GI tract, ducts of many glands, and gallbladder; function: secretion and absorption, but larger of these contain more organelles and therefore capable of higher level of secretion and absorption (secretes mucus)
non ciliated simple columnar epithelium
130
lines some bronchioles of reparatory tract, uterine tubes, uterus, some sinuses ; cilia beat in unison, moving the mucus and foreign particles toward the throat where they can be coughed up
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
131
ciliated lines the airways of most of the upper respiratory tract; non ciliated lines larger ducts of many glands and part of male urethra; secretes mucus that traps foreign particles; non ciliated functions in absorption and protection
psuedostratified columnar epithelium
132
keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin, nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces; protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion; both types form first line of defense against microbes
stratified squamous epithelium
133
located in the ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra; function is protection and limited secretion and absorption
stratified cuboidal epithelium
134
lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands such as esophageal glands, small areas in anal mucous, and part of conjunctiva of the eye; protection and secretion
stratified columnar epithelium
135
lines urinary bladder and portions of ureter and urethra; it allows the urinary organs to stretch to hold a variable amount of fluid without rupturing, while still serving as a protective lining
transitional epithelium
136
These fibers are made of collagen and glycoproteins. they provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells
reticular fibers
137
these are large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance
fibroblasts
138
these fibers are strong flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body
collagen fibers
139
these are abundant along blood vessels. they produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria
mast cells
140
these develop from B lymphocytes. they secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances
plasma cells
141
these are white blood cells that migrate to sites of infections that destroy microbes by phagocytosis
neutrophils
142
these are white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses
eosinophils
143
these cells store fats. they are found below the skin and around organs
adipocytes
144
these fibers are stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin.
elastic fibers
