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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

6 Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Perception
    - Special senses: taste, balance, hear, vision, smell
    - Somatosensory: group of modalitiles of body state; PainTouchProprioceptionTemperature
    - Visceral: modulate, monitor, motivate
  2. Movement
    - plan, initiate, coordinate
  3. Life sustaining
    - seek, homeostais
  4. Cognition
    - memory, learning
  5. Emotinon
    - fear, pleasure, attatchment, desire
  6. Arousal
    - biological rythms; sleep, conciousness
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2
Q

4 Components of CNS

A
  1. forebrain (cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon)
  2. brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
  3. cerebellum
  4. spinal cord
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3
Q

Components of PNS

A
  1. Sensory nerves: from periphery/viscera to CNS
  2. Motor nerves: commands from CNS to muscles/viscera

Subdivisons:

  • Somatic Motor system: sensory nerve/motor nerves to skeletal muscles
  • Autonomic Motor System: motor commands to viscera and smooth muscle via sympathetic, parasymphathetic, and enteric system
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4
Q

3 Primordial tissues

A
  1. Endoderm: epithelial of GI, respiratory, and urinary
  2. Mesoderm: muscle, skeletal, CT, and cardiovascular tissue, urogenital/hematopoietic systems, some microglia
  3. Ectoderm: skin, neurons, macroglia, ependymal cells (line ventricles), and some microglia

-Ectoterm transforms into neuroectoderm-> tubes to become chambers

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5
Q

Development of Chambers from 3-> mature

A

Prosencephalon->

  • telencephalon-> cerebral hemispheres
  • diecnephalon-> thalamus/hypothalamus

Mesencephalon->
-mesencephalon -> midbrain

Rhombencephalon->

  • metencephalon-> pons/cerebellym
  • myencephalon-> medulla
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6
Q

Flexures of Development

A

Cephalic flexure: during 3 vent stage, remains as secondary primary axis-> cererum/brainstem different axis

Cervical flexure: 3 vent stage; straightens out

Pontine flexure: marks beginning of cerebellar differentiation in 5 vent stage

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7
Q

Neuron anatomy:

INPUT zone

A

Soma and Dendrites

-dendrites increase surface area for synapse

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8
Q

Neuron anatomy:

INTEGRATION (trigger) zone

A

Axon Hillock

-“initial segment”

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9
Q

Neuron anatomy:

CONDUCTING zone

A

Axon

  • neurofillaments skeleton of axons
  • mircotubules allow protein transport to dendrites and terminal endings
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10
Q

Neuron anatomy:

TRANSMITTING zone

A

Presynaptic Terminal

“axon terminal”

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11
Q

Neuron anatomy:

INSULATOR

A

Myelin

-in schwann cells, oligodendrytes

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12
Q

Neuron anatomy:

AP Renewal/REGENERATOR

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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13
Q

Neuron anatomy:

TRANSMITTER RELEASE

A

Presynaptic membrane

  • in axon terminal
  • NT made here
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14
Q

Neuron anatomy:

TRANSMITTER UPTAKE

A

Postsynaptic membrane

-NT uptook here

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15
Q

3 Neuron Classification classes

A
  1. Morphology: multip, bi, uni, pseudounipolar
  2. Function: sensory, motor, autonomic, interneuron
  3. Neurotransmitter: chemicals they produce/release
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16
Q

4 Morphologic Classification of Neurons

A
  1. Psuedounipolar: DRG, somatosensation
  2. Unipolar: rare
  3. Bipolar: special senses
  4. Multipolar: almost all neurons
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17
Q

3 Glial Cell Functions

A
  1. Neuron growth: Support neuron growth/repair after damage
  2. Neuronal activity: Insulate axons/stabalize extracell activity
  3. Form glial systems: Chemical signaling in CNS
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18
Q

2 Classes of Glial Cells

A
  1. Macroglia: (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Scwann cells, ependymal cells)
    - Astro/Oligo: CNS to many cells
    - Schwann: PNS, myelinate ONE neuron at ONE location
    - Emepndymal: line ventricles
  2. Microglia: (few in number)
    - increase when infections invade NS
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19
Q

3 Qualifications of NeuroTransmitters

A
  1. Pres-synaptic manufactored
  2. Calciam mediated release
  3. Receptors on post-synaptic bind to it
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20
Q

Functions of 5 Cerbral Lobe

A

Frontal: cognition, voluntary motor (speech)

Parietal: somatosensation, taste, intermodal (multisens) integration

Occipatl: vision

Temporal: hearing, speech recognitino, smell, memory formation

Insula: taste, emotive pain (2 long gyri 3 short gyri)

–Limbic (not lobe): homesotasis, olfaction, memory, emotion

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21
Q

Cranial Nerve Locations in Brainstem

A 
2: rostral to midbrain- in diencephalon
3-4: midrain
5: pons
6-8: pondumedular junction
9-12: rostral medulla
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22
Q

Divisons of Spinal Cord Termination

A

Cauda equina: L1-L2 when spinal cord ends; roots

Conus Medullaris: T12-L1; tapering of SC

Filum Terminale: fibrous cord of pia mater anchoring to coccyx

Additional Set nerves T1-L3: forming pregranglionic nerves for sympathetic NS

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23
Q

Gray vs. White Matter

A 
Gray:
cell bodies forming nuclei/ganglia
light in stains
mantel of the cortex
basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, amygdala

White:
axons forming pathways
dark in stains
subcortical axon pathways to cortex
pathways in/out of cortex
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24
Q

Diencephalon Composition

white vs. grey

A
  • Nuclei with small pathways in/out of gray clusters

- Bound by large white matter traveling in/out cerebral hemispheres

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25
Q

Brainstem Composition

white vs. grey

A
  • Gray matter in small, lose clusters of nuclei-> sesnory/motor nuclei and centers for integrative functions
  • White matter travels between nuclei along outer portions brainstem
26
Q

Spinal Cord Composition

white vs. grey

A
  • gray central location; motor and interneurons for reflexes, autonomi symp neurons, and sensorimotor functions
  • White matter around spinal gray; sensory/motor pathways for trunk/limb control; autonomic control of viceral function
27
Q

3 Types of Axons

compose white matter pathways

A
  1. Projection fibers: long distances to different neural centers
  2. Commisural: cross midline and synpase contralaterally
    (decussate)
  3. Association fibers: project ipsilaterally to cortical areas
28
Q

Cerebral Cortex Names

regarding number of layers

A

Neocortex: 6 layers (most)
Paleocortex: less than 6
Archicortex: 3 layers

29
Q

Functions of 6 Neocortex Layers

A

I/II: axons and synapses; integrate activity within column
III: cell bodies of neurons projecting to other cortex areas (association)
IV: input zone into cortex; synapse on cell bodies in IV
V: cortical neurons projecting to nuclei of brainstem/SC
VI: axons projecting to thalamus

30
Q

Brodman Areas Function

A

BA 1-3: postcentral gyrus
BA 4: Primary motor cortex; discrete selective motor control
BA 5,7: somatosensory association
BA 4,6,8: motor
BA 39-40: receptive language; inferior parietal lobule
BA 44, 45: speech

31
Q

BA 3a

A

Muscle spindle and GTO input determine length and force generated

32
Q

BA 3b

A

Merkel and Ruffini processed in slow adapting columns
Meissner and Pacinian processed in rapid adapting columns

Pain

33
Q

BA 1

A

Combine sensory info from BA 3b and 3rd VPL neurons

Texture analysis

34
Q

BA 2

A

Combine infor from BA 3a, BA 3b, and 3rd VPL neurons

Integrate hand proprioception with touch modalities; analyze shape, orientation, slip

35
Q

BA 5

A

Somatosens Association Cortex
Combine BA 3, BA 1, BA 2
Sense activity on both sides of bofy via commissural fibers
Projects to motor cortex; helps form body schemas to coordinate body regions with itself

36
Q

BA 7

A

Somatosens Association cortex
Info from all BA 5 areas and Vision!
Contributes to body schema in space

37
Q

4 Primary groups of Commisural Fibers

A

Coordinate activities between L and R hemispheres; share info, modulate, integrate

  1. Corpus callosum
  2. anterior commissure
  3. Posterior commisure
  4. Hippocampal commissure
38
Q

Structures on Midbrain

A

Ventral: cerebral peduncles, intrapenduncular fossa, CN III
Dorsal: superior/inferior colliculi, CN4

39
Q

Structures on Pons

A

Ventral: CN V, basis pons, cerebellar peduncles
Dorsal: floor of 4th ventricle
Pontomed junction: CN VI, VII, VIII

40
Q

Structures on Medulla

A

Ventral: pyramids, olives, anterior medial fissure, CN 9-12
Dorsal: obex, 4th ventrical (rostral), gracilis/cuneate tubercles and fissures, posterior septum, intermediate septum

41
Q

Location of ventricles

A 
Lateral: corpus/hemispheres
Interventricular foramen: dienceph/corpus callosu
3rd vent: dienceph
Cerebral aqueduct: midbrain
4th ventricle: pons/rostral medulla
42
Q

Tectum vs. Tegmentum

A

Tectum: roof of midbrain/ventricular system

Tegmentum: anterior to ventricular structures in cross section(floor)

43
Q

Cervical SC Characteristics

A

Dorsal Column: gracilis and cuneate w/ intermediate dorsal septum
Lateral Column: thick
Ventral Horn: extend laterally (for hands)

44
Q

Thoracic SC Characteristics

A

Dorsal Column: only one
Lateral Horn: small in intermediate gray
Ventral Horns: small and narrow

45
Q

Lumbar SC Characteristics

A

Dorsal Column: only one
No Lateral horn
Central Horns: large and extend more ventral

46
Q

Sacral SC Characteristics

A

Dorsal Column: only one
Round Cross section
Columns: small (minimal white)
V/DH: relatively large compared to white

47
Q

3 Menninge Layers

A
  1. Dura: tough outer layer
    - lines skull
    - 2 layers: periosteal/meningeal together except at fissures-> venous sinuses
    - creates: cerebral falx (central), cerebellar tentorium (transverse fissure), cerebellar flax, and diaphragma sllae
    - has own blood supply
  2. Arachnoid: loose thin middle layer
  3. Pia: adheres to brain surface
48
Q

3 Potential Spaces from menninge layers

A
  1. Epidural space: meningeal artery; bleed between skull and dura
  2. Subdural space: between dura and arachnoid
  3. Subarachnoid space: vessels enter/exit brain-> natural space
    Primary CSF holder; trabechula stabalize each position
49
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery Supply

A

Supplies:

  • anteromedial surface (frontal to parietal)
  • superior medial structures along longitudinal fissure
  • anterior caudate nucleus/fornix

Loss Causes:

  • contralat limb weak/sensory loss
  • frontal lobe behavior abnormalities
50
Q

Anterior Choroidal Artery Supply

A

Off Internal Carotid

  • posterior internal capsule
  • globulus pallidus
  • putamen
51
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery Supply

A

Supplies:

  • medial temporal and occipital
  • medial inferior/posterior cortical regions
  • midbrain
  • thalamus
Loss Causes:
contralateral hemianopsia
-sensory loss
-hemiparesis
-reading probs
-aphasia
52
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery Supply

A

Supplies:

  • lateral surfaces of frontal/parietal
  • temporal superior gyrus
  • branches supplie basal ganglia, internal capsule (lenticulostriate arteries)
  • lateral expanse cortex (corona radiata), internal capsule, putamen, gloubulus pallidus

Loss Causes:

  • contralateral facial/arm weakness and sensory loss
  • aphasia
  • visual deficit
53
Q

Vertebral Artery Supply

A
  • medulla

- give post/ant spinal which supply caudal medulla and spinal cord

54
Q

Basilar Artery Supply

A
  • pons
  • short circumfrential- ventral pons
  • long circumfrential-dorsal/lateral pons
55
Q

Cerebellar Artery Supplies

A

Superior: midbrain, superior cerebellum, rostral lateral pons, superior cerebellar peduncles

Posterior Inferior: lateral medulla, inferior cerebellum

Anterior Inferior: caudal lateral pons, cerebellum

56
Q

Veinous Sinus System

A

Superior saggital: longitudinal fissure -> confluence of sinus
Inferior Saggital: above corpus collosum-> jugular vein
Transverse sinus: in transverse fissure-> confluence-

Confluence of sinus: superior, straight, and occipital sinuses join-> left/right transverse sinus-> sigmoid-> internal jugular-> heart

57
Q

Why is somatosensation important?

A
  • tissue protection/correct errors
  • touch of objects
  • interacting with environment
  • coordination of fine motor movements
58
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

In parallel with muscle fiber

  • senses stretch and codes for amount
  • fast receptors Ia, slow II fibers
59
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

free nerve endings interwoven within collagen of the tendon

  • 1b fibers
  • crimp by tendon collagen to code muscle contraction force
60
Q

PNS meninge layers

A

Epineurium=dura; around spinal nerve
Perineurium=arachnoid; around nerve fascicle
Endoneurium= pia; around nerve fiber

61
Q

3 Anteriorlateral Tracts

A
  1. Spinothalamic: pain/temp localization
    VMp-insula (affective), VPL-SI (sens), MD-cingulate (emotive)
  2. Spinomesencephalic: pain modulation
    PAG-raphe nuclei-RexedII (seratonin modulates)
  3. Spinoreticular: emotive aspects of pain/ANS modulation
    Reticular formation in pons/medulla to cortex
    Parabrachial nucleus to amygdala (fear and emotion)

Neuro Anatomy (8 decks)

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