Test 1 Flashcards by Alexis Cadieux

What are some opioid drugs?

Morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, methadone.

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What are the drug schedules?

1, s2, s3, s4, s8, s9

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What is pharmacokinetics?

How the drug’s concentration changes as it travels through the body, or what the body does to the drug.

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What is pharmacodynamics?

How the drug exerts its effects on the body or what the drug does to the body.

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What is bioavaliability?

amouth of administered dose of a drug that stays intact when it reaches the systemic circulation.

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What are the route of drug administration?

Eternal (oral), parental (injection), inhalation, topical (eye drops, creams)

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What are the barriers to drug distribution?

The blood brain barrier and the placental barrier.

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What is the process of reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body is called

Drug distribution.

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What is the order of oral drugs release from fastest to slowest?

Liquids > Elixirs and Syrups> Suspension Solutions > Powders > Capsules > Tablets > Coated Tablets > Enteric-coated tablets

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What is the transition of drug from small intestine to liver called?

Hepatic first pass

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What is time from drug administration to when therapeutic effect starts called?

Onset of action

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What is the length of time the drug is therapeutic called?

Duration of action

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What is the time it takes for plasma concentration of the drug to fall to half its original value and the time it takes for half of the drugs value to be eliminated by the body called?

Half life

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What is drug absorption affected by ?

Blood flow to target area, solubility of the drug, route of administration, dissolvability of medication, body surface area.

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When does peak concentration occur?

When drug absorption rate = drug elimination rate.

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What is the therapeutic window/index ?

the margin of safety.

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Cholingeric drugs act on what neurotransmitter?

Acetycholine

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The antagonist drug for morphine is what?

Naloxone and naltrexone.

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What does APINCH mean?

A - antiinfectives
P - potassium
I - insulin
N - narcotics
C - chemo
H - heparin

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What do calcium channel blockers do?

antihypertensive drugs. They work by blocking calcium channels in the heart resulting in decreased heart rate, decreased conductivity and excitability of cells, decreased ventricular contraction and decreased BP.

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How do beta blockers work?

Beta blockersare drugs indicated in Hypertension. B1 blockers work by blocking epinephrineand norepinethrine from entering beta adrenergic cell receptor sites in theheart and eyes resulting in dilated pupils, vasodilation, decreased heart rate.

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Whats it called?: undesirable side effects that develop because drugs are not totally selective in their actions, usually dose related

Adverse effect

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Whats it called?: a drug effect that is noxious and unintended when taking the correct dose

Adverse drug reaction

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Whats it called?: the drug induced damage that occurs in a fetus

Teratogebic reaction

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Whats it called?: refers to the chemical makeup of the drug and defines the unique chemical structure

Chemical name

Whats it called?: contains the same therapeutic chemicals as brand names, always lower cost, must be bioequivalent, delivers same amount of active ingredients and has similar biostability

Generic name

Whats it called?: "proprietary"; registered trademark to a particular drug manufacturer, always capitalized, short and easy to remember

Trade name

Whats it called?: a pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative that does not show differences in the rate and extend of absorption; the two drugs are essentially the same

bioequivalence

What does aa mean?

of each

What does ac and pc mean?

before meals | after meals

What does hs mean?

at bed time

What does IM mean?

intramuscular

What does po mean?

by mouth

what does prn mean?

as needed

What does sl mean>

sublingual

What does q and qd mean?

every day | once a day

What are the different routes of administration?

Eternal - through GI tract Parentarel - outside intestines Topical - anything subgingival and transdermal.

What is it called?: the study of drug movement throughout the body, including how a drug gets to the site of action and how the body handles medications

Pharmacokinetics

Whats it called?: The actions of a drug on a specific target organ

Pharmacodynamics

Whats it called?: the part of science dealing with the use of drugs in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease

Pharmacotherapeutics

Whats it called?: the merging of pharmacology and genetics, including the genetic factors that influence an organisms response to a drug

Pharmacogenetics

Whats it called?: the study of poisons, pollutants and the undesirable effect of drugs on living cells

Toxicology

Whats it called?: the study of the dosages of medicines and drugs; the use of many medications

Posology, Polypharmacy

Whats it called?: chemical alteration of a fat soluble drug into a water soluble drug so it can be easily eliminated from the body

Biotransformation

Whats it called?: the rate and extent to which a drug is absorbed into systemic circulation

Bioavailability

What is ADME?

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.

what are different forms of enteral administration of drugs?

Oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal.

what are different forms of parentarel drug administration?

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal

what are different forms of topical drug administration?

transdermal, sublingual, epicutaneous, inhalation

Where is drug primarily metabolized?

Liver

What is a metabolite?

a drug which has been metabolized by enzymes

How is a drug eliminated from the body?

excreted via kidneys in water soluble form; the drug must be water soluble to pass through kidneys

Whats it called?: the disappearance of the active drug from the bloodstream or body

Elimination

Whats it called?: elimination through the kidneys and out of the body in the urine

Excretion

Whats it called?: the time it takes for a drug to be half its original value it takes 4-5 half lives for a drug to be considered eliminated

Half life

Whats it called?: an initial high dose of a drug to establish therapeutic plasma drug concentration lower doses used to maintain a desired drug level

Loading dose, maintenance dose.

Whats it called?: occurs when a body adapts to a drug's actions and one requires larger doses to achieve the original effect the liver becomes efficient at breaking down the drug

Drug tolerance

Whats it called?: loss of control over drug use, craving for substance resulting in physical psychological or social harm to user

Drug dependance

Whats it called?: mimics the effect of the sympathetic nervous system blockers of sympathetic system

Sympathomimetic lytic

Whats it called?: sympathetic system neurotransmitters | parasympathetic system neurotransmitters

Adrengergic, cholinergic.

Whats it called?: fight or flight | long postganglionic neurons extend to the organs they innervate

Sympathetic nervous system

Whats it called?: a chemical released by nerves at synapses and neuromuscular junctions; purpose is to carry nerve impulses across the synapse; broken down by enzymes

Neuro transmitters

Whats it called?: rest and digest | short postganglionic neuron synapse near the target organ

Parasympathetic nervous system

Whats it called?: located on smooth muscle and glands - decrease heart rate, smooth muscle contraction

muscarinic receptors

Whats it called?: located on postsynaptic and neuromuscular junctino of skeletal muscle - cause muscle contraction

nicotinic receptors

What are the alpha receptors?

alpha 1 - increase blood pressure and flow, nasal decongestant. alpha 2 - decrease blood pressure.

What are the beta receptors?

beta 1 - located on heart muscle which increase heart rate, contractility and strenght beta 2 - located on bronchioles beta 3 - fat cells

What are the effects of sympathomimetics?

mimic the sympathetic response | stimulate receptors in the sympathetic nervous system - most characteristics exerted on CV system

What are diuretics?

the first drugs used in the treatment of hypertension | three classes - thiazide, loop and potassium sparing

What is it: act in distal tubule of kidney to inhibit NaCl reabsorption back in the blood, resulting in increased urination; over months the diuretic effect decreases but antihypertensive effect remains suffix: thiazide

Thiazide diuretics

What is it: most effective; greater and more rapid diuresis with loss of fluids through kidney excretion suffix: -semide

loop diuretics

What is it: acts in the distal tubule, inhibition of sodium reabsorption results in a corresponding reduction in potassium excretion

Potassium sparing diuretics

What is it: angiotensin converting enzyme block the conversion of angiotenisn I to angiotensin II by inhibiting the converting enzyme. They reduce peripheral resistance resulting in lower blood pressure

ACE inhibitors

What is it: block the receptors from receiving angiotensin II. They increase reabsorption of sodium and water in exchange for the excretion of potassium which results in elevated BP

Angiotensin blocker

What is it: statins primarily reduce LDL-C and slow the progression of coronary artery disease. They inhibit the HMG-CoA enzyme which results in less cholesterol formation by the liver

Cholesterol reducing drugs

which cardiovascular drugs are contraindicated for diabetics?

thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, nicotinic acid

what can affect cardiovascular drugs?

NSAIDs can decrease effectiveness of an antihypertensive drug, epinephrine

which meds require a max limit of epinephrine?

calcium channel blockers, nitrates, non selective beta blockers