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Pharmacology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some opioid drugs?

A

Morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, methadone.

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2
Q

What are the drug schedules?

A

1, s2, s3, s4, s8, s9

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3
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

How the drug’s concentration changes as it travels through the body, or what the body does to the drug.

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4
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

How the drug exerts its effects on the body or what the drug does to the body.

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5
Q

What is bioavaliability?

A

amouth of administered dose of a drug that stays intact when it reaches the systemic circulation.

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6
Q

What are the route of drug administration?

A

Eternal (oral), parental (injection), inhalation, topical (eye drops, creams)

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7
Q

What are the barriers to drug distribution?

A

The blood brain barrier and the placental barrier.

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8
Q

What is the process of reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body is called

A

Drug distribution.

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9
Q

What is the order of oral drugs release from fastest to slowest?

A

Liquids > Elixirs and Syrups> Suspension Solutions > Powders > Capsules > Tablets > Coated Tablets > Enteric-coated tablets

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10
Q

What is the transition of drug from small intestine to liver called?

A

Hepatic first pass

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11
Q

What is time from drug administration to when therapeutic effect starts called?

A

Onset of action

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12
Q

What is the length of time the drug is therapeutic called?

A

Duration of action

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13
Q

What is the time it takes for plasma concentration of the drug to fall to half its original value and the time it takes for half of the drugs value to be eliminated by the body called?

A

Half life

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14
Q

What is drug absorption affected by ?

A

Blood flow to target area, solubility of the drug, route of administration, dissolvability of medication, body surface area.

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15
Q

When does peak concentration occur?

A

When drug absorption rate = drug elimination rate.

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16
Q

What is the therapeutic window/index ?

A

the margin of safety.

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17
Q

Cholingeric drugs act on what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetycholine

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18
Q

The antagonist drug for morphine is what?

A

Naloxone and naltrexone.

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19
Q

What does APINCH mean?

A 
A - antiinfectives
P - potassium
I - insulin
N - narcotics
C - chemo
H - heparin
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20
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do?

A

antihypertensive drugs. They work by blocking calcium channels in the heart resulting in decreased heart rate, decreased conductivity and excitability of cells, decreased ventricular contraction and decreased BP.

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21
Q

How do beta blockers work?

A

Beta blockersare drugs indicated in Hypertension. B1 blockers work by blocking epinephrineand norepinethrine from entering beta adrenergic cell receptor sites in theheart and eyes resulting in dilated pupils, vasodilation, decreased heart rate.

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22
Q

Whats it called?: undesirable side effects that develop because drugs are not totally selective in their actions, usually dose related

A

Adverse effect

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23
Q

Whats it called?: a drug effect that is noxious and unintended when taking the correct dose

A

Adverse drug reaction

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24
Q

Whats it called?: the drug induced damage that occurs in a fetus

A

Teratogebic reaction

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25
Q

Whats it called?: refers to the chemical makeup of the drug and defines the unique chemical structure

A

Chemical name

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26
Q

Whats it called?: contains the same therapeutic chemicals as brand names, always lower cost, must be bioequivalent, delivers same amount of active ingredients and has similar biostability

A

Generic name

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27
Q

Whats it called?: “proprietary”; registered trademark to a particular drug manufacturer, always capitalized, short and easy to remember

A

Trade name

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28
Q

Whats it called?: a pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative that does not show differences in the rate and extend of absorption; the two drugs are essentially the same

A

bioequivalence

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29
Q

What does aa mean?

A

of each

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30
Q

What does ac and pc mean?

A

before meals

after meals

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31
Q

What does hs mean?

A

at bed time

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32
Q

What does IM mean?

A

intramuscular

33
Q

What does po mean?

A

by mouth

34
Q

what does prn mean?

A

as needed

35
Q

What does sl mean>

A

sublingual

36
Q

What does q and qd mean?

A

every day

once a day

37
Q

What are the different routes of administration?

A

Eternal - through GI tract
Parentarel - outside intestines
Topical - anything subgingival and transdermal.

38
Q

What is it called?: the study of drug movement throughout the body, including how a drug gets to the site of action and how the body handles medications

A

Pharmacokinetics

39
Q

Whats it called?: The actions of a drug on a specific target organ

A

Pharmacodynamics

40
Q

Whats it called?: the part of science dealing with the use of drugs in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

41
Q

Whats it called?: the merging of pharmacology and genetics, including the genetic factors that influence an organisms response to a drug

A

Pharmacogenetics

42
Q

Whats it called?: the study of poisons, pollutants and the undesirable effect of drugs on living cells

A

Toxicology

43
Q

Whats it called?: the study of the dosages of medicines and drugs;

the use of many medications

A

Posology, Polypharmacy

44
Q

Whats it called?: chemical alteration of a fat soluble drug into a water soluble drug so it can be easily eliminated from the body

A

Biotransformation

45
Q

Whats it called?: the rate and extent to which a drug is absorbed into systemic circulation

A

Bioavailability

46
Q

What is ADME?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.

47
Q

what are different forms of enteral administration of drugs?

A

Oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal.

48
Q

what are different forms of parentarel drug administration?

A

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal

49
Q

what are different forms of topical drug administration?

A

transdermal, sublingual, epicutaneous, inhalation

50
Q

Where is drug primarily metabolized?

A

Liver

51
Q

What is a metabolite?

A

a drug which has been metabolized by enzymes

52
Q

How is a drug eliminated from the body?

A

excreted via kidneys in water soluble form; the drug must be water soluble to pass through kidneys

53
Q

Whats it called?: the disappearance of the active drug from the bloodstream or body

A

Elimination

54
Q

Whats it called?: elimination through the kidneys and out of the body in the urine

A

Excretion

55
Q

Whats it called?: the time it takes for a drug to be half its original value
it takes 4-5 half lives for a drug to be considered eliminated

A

Half life

56
Q

Whats it called?: an initial high dose of a drug to establish therapeutic plasma drug concentration
lower doses used to maintain a desired drug level

A

Loading dose, maintenance dose.

57
Q

Whats it called?: occurs when a body adapts to a drug’s actions and one requires larger doses to achieve the original effect
the liver becomes efficient at breaking down the drug

A

Drug tolerance

58
Q

Whats it called?: loss of control over drug use, craving for substance resulting in physical psychological or social harm to user

A

Drug dependance

59
Q

Whats it called?: mimics the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
blockers of sympathetic system

A

Sympathomimetic lytic

60
Q

Whats it called?: sympathetic system neurotransmitters

parasympathetic system neurotransmitters

A

Adrengergic, cholinergic.

61
Q

Whats it called?: fight or flight

long postganglionic neurons extend to the organs they innervate

A

Sympathetic nervous system

62
Q

Whats it called?: a chemical released by nerves at synapses and neuromuscular junctions; purpose is to carry nerve impulses across the synapse; broken down by enzymes

A

Neuro transmitters

63
Q

Whats it called?: rest and digest

short postganglionic neuron synapse near the target organ

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

64
Q

Whats it called?: located on smooth muscle and glands - decrease heart rate, smooth muscle contraction

A

muscarinic receptors

65
Q

Whats it called?: located on postsynaptic and neuromuscular junctino of skeletal muscle - cause muscle contraction

A

nicotinic receptors

66
Q

What are the alpha receptors?

A

alpha 1 - increase blood pressure and flow, nasal decongestant.
alpha 2 - decrease blood pressure.

67
Q

What are the beta receptors?

A

beta 1 - located on heart muscle which increase heart rate, contractility and strenght
beta 2 - located on bronchioles
beta 3 - fat cells

68
Q

What are the effects of sympathomimetics?

A

mimic the sympathetic response

stimulate receptors in the sympathetic nervous system - most characteristics exerted on CV system

69
Q

What are diuretics?

A

the first drugs used in the treatment of hypertension

three classes - thiazide, loop and potassium sparing

70
Q

What is it: act in distal tubule of kidney to inhibit NaCl reabsorption back in the blood, resulting in increased urination; over months the diuretic effect decreases but antihypertensive effect remains suffix: thiazide

A

Thiazide diuretics

71
Q

What is it: most effective; greater and more rapid diuresis with loss of fluids through kidney excretion

suffix: -semide

A

loop diuretics

72
Q

What is it: acts in the distal tubule, inhibition of sodium reabsorption results in a corresponding reduction in potassium excretion

A

Potassium sparing diuretics

73
Q

What is it: angiotensin converting enzyme

block the conversion of angiotenisn I to angiotensin II by inhibiting the converting enzyme. They reduce peripheral resistance resulting in lower blood pressure

A

ACE inhibitors

74
Q

What is it: block the receptors from receiving angiotensin II. They increase reabsorption of sodium and water in exchange for the excretion of potassium which results in elevated BP

A

Angiotensin blocker

75
Q

What is it: statins
primarily reduce LDL-C and slow the progression of coronary artery disease. They inhibit the HMG-CoA enzyme which results in less cholesterol formation by the liver

A

Cholesterol reducing drugs

76
Q

which cardiovascular drugs are contraindicated for diabetics?

A

thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, nicotinic acid

77
Q

what can affect cardiovascular drugs?

A

NSAIDs can decrease effectiveness of an antihypertensive drug, epinephrine

78
Q

which meds require a max limit of epinephrine?

A

calcium channel blockers, nitrates, non selective beta blockers

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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