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Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two models used in a thorough medical history?

A

Medical and Dental model

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2
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease? What are the risk factors? Premed?

A

Cardiac manifestation of rheumatic fever results in valve damage.
Caused by strep throat w/in 2-3 wks.
No premed.

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3
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

Valve fails to close - irregularity of heart beat.

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4
Q

What is the risk of strep throat?

A

Can cause rheumatic hd. More prone to infection and severe carditis.

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5
Q

Which condition may occur with rheumatic heart disease?

A

Valve stenosis - valve narrows, causing drop in blood flow.
Valve regurgutatuion - blood flows in wrong direction (leak).
Heart muscle damage - weakend hear muscle.

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6
Q

How is rheumatic hd prevented?

A

Early diagnosis and tx of streptococcal pharyngeal infection.

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7
Q

DH care for rheumatic hd

A

No pre med.
biofilm control.
good OH.
frequent appts

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8
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

infection of endocardium, heart valves, or cardiac prosthesis in heart resulting from microbial invasion.

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9
Q

What are risk factor for IE? Pre med?

A

transient bacteria during DH care.
Periodontal disease.
Previous endocarditits, artificial heart valves, congenital heart conditions, heart transplands. Yes pre med.

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10
Q

What are two types of IE?

A

Acute - severe infection, can produce widespread disease.

Subacute - slow moving w/ flu symptoms.

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11
Q

IE Tx

A

Long course of antibiotics.

Heart valve replacement.

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12
Q

What is Balvular heart defects (VHD’s) ?

A

CV damage from malfunctioning heart valves.

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13
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)?

A

Common, mitral valve flops backwards.

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14
Q

How are valvular heart defects caused?

A

Can occur by stenosis (incomplete opening of the valve.
Left ventricle hypertophies to compensate for increased blood flow.
Left atrium than hypertrophies.

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15
Q

How is VHD’s Tx?

A

Corrective surgery prosthetic valves to replace defects.

Meds to control symptoms.

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16
Q

What DH care is required ?

A

Good oh control and pre med.

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17
Q

What is hypertensice cardiovascular disease (HCD)?

A

elevation of b.p.

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18
Q

Is hypertension a diease?

A

No it’s not, it’s a physical symptom.

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19
Q

What are the risks of hypertension?

A 
Hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
Heart failure.
Myocardial infarction.
Cerebrovascular accident (Stroke).
Kidney failure.
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20
Q

What are the two major types of hypertension?

A

Primary - most common, unknown cause, cradual onset.

Secondary - result of existing disease.

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21
Q

What are clincal signs and symptoms of secondary hypertension?

A

Headaches, elarged ventricles, ringing ears, dizziness, weakness.

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22
Q

What are advanced clincal signs and symptoms of hypertension?

A

Hemorrhages, enlargement, CHF, anginga, renal failure.

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23
Q

What are the functions of diuretics?

A

Renal excretion of water & sodium

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24
Q

What are the functions of sympatholytic agents?

A

Adjust sympathetic nerve activity.

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25
What are the functions of vasodilators?
Increase blood vessel size to assist blood flow.
26
What DH care is required for hypertension?
Uncontrolled hypertension = post poned until regulated. | BP normal limits = care continues.
27
What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Insufficient blood flow from coronary arteries into heart.
28
What are the four disorders associated w/ coronary heart disease?
arteriosclerotic heart disease. Angina pectoris. Coronary insufficiency. Myocardial infarction.
29
What is angina pectoris, symptoms?
Inadequate O2 flow to myocardium. Squeezing chest, bruning, radiates left arm, neck & shoulder blade.
30
How is angina pectoris Tx?
Rest, use nitrates.
31
What results from o.d of nitrates?
Head ache
32
What is myocardial infarction?
Reduction of blood flow on one coronary artery = death of tissue. Syntoms of angina but last 12 + hrs.
33
What is the function of nitroglycerine?
Relieve chest pain, increase cardiac output - strengthen and redistribute blood flow to affected myocardial tissue.
34
What is the function of anticoagulants?
Thin blood, increase blood flow.
35
What is sudden death?
Last expression of coronary heart disease, occure 24 + hrs after symptoms start.
36
What are appt guidelines for stable angina?
Short a.m appts. relaxing. Nitrglycerin should always be in reach.
37
DH care w/ clients w/ history of MI?
No modifications. Must wait 30 day after MI.
38
What is the most common drug for MI?
Digitalis drug - digozing (lanoxin)
39
What is cardiac dysrhythmias/arrhythmias?
Dysfuntions of heart reate (heart palpations)
40
What is bradycardia?
Slowness of h.b (>60bpm)
41
What is tachycardia?
Increased h.b (
42
What is atrial fibrillation?
Rapid, uneven contractions in atrium. Pulse consistant w/ irregular beats.
43
What is premature ventricular contractions?
Normal heart rhythm has pauses.
44
What is a ventrivular fibrillation?
Most lethal dysrhythmias, heart rate rapid, disordered, no rhythm.
45
What is heart block?
Blocked impulses from atria to ventivles @ AV node interfering of electrical impulses controlling heart muscle.
46
Different degree's of heart block?
First-degree - associated w coronary heart disease. Second-degree - Disorder atrial & ventricular rates. Third-degree - all impulses from atria at AV node blocked.
47
What are the symptoms of a failing pacemake?
Dizziness, difficulty breathing, change in pulse, swelling.
48
What happens with right sided failure and left sided failure?
Right - difficulty reciever O2 blood from lungs. | Left - systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.
49
What is congenital heart disease?
Abnormal or disordered heart development before birth.
50
What is centricular septal defect?
A opening between ventricles. Detected by heart murmur
51
What is atrial septal defect?
Opening between left and right atria, blood overflow = enlarges right atrium. Goes undetected.
52
What is patent ductus ateriosus?
Tires easily. Most commonly found in adults.
53
What is angioplasty?
Most common closed surgery. Use catheter.
54
What is a coronary stent?
Open narrow arteries w/ mesh-like metal.
55
What is coronary bypass surgery?
Common procedure, replace blocked arteries.
56
What is valvular defect repair?
Replace w/ artifical valves.
57
What is asthma?
Chronic inflammatory diease, classed as: intermittent, persistent, mild, moderate, severe.
58
What is COPD?
Preventable & treatable pulmonary disorders.
59
What is emphysema?
Overinflamation, irreversible destruction of alveoli.
60
What is bronchitis?
inflammation of bronchial tubes lining.
61
What is chronic bronchitits?
mucus-producing cough for at least 3 months of years for more than 2 years.
62
What is tuberculosis?
Airbone communicable disease, affects lungs. Caused by myobacterium tuberculosis.
63
What are signs of active tb?
Chronic coughing, fever, weight loss. Short stay in hospital, 18 mnth of drug therapy.
64
What is sleep apnea?
Abnormal pauses in breathing during sleep.
65
What is obstructive sleep apnea
Most common, caused by obstruction which stops airflow in nose and mouth.
66
What is central sleep apnea?
Rarer, occurs when brain signal instructs body to delay breathing.
67
What is mixed sleep apnea?
Combination of obstructive sleep apnea & central sleep apnea.
68
What is the hypothalamus function?
Maintain homeostasis.
69
What function does the pituitary gland?
Controls functions of many target glands and cells of target organs. stimulates growth.
70
What is the function of the thyroid?
produce hormones that control how body uses energy and proteins.
71
What is a glucocorticoids?
Sterioid hormone, effect are essential during trauma.
72
What is gonadotopins?
Cause ovary to secrete estrogen and progesterone = ovulation.
73
What is the function of oxytocin?
stimulates milk ducts, contration of uterine muscle.
74
What is hypopituitarism?
Failure to produce and release hormones.
75
What is hypothyroidism?
Underactive thyroifs, low levels of TH, caused by problem w/ thyroid.
76
What is hashimoto disease?
Antibody destrution of thyroid tissue resulting in decreased thyroid production.
77
What is edemic goiter?
Result of iodide deficiency.
78
What is hyperthyroidism?
Overactive thyroids excess TH.
79
What is graves disease?
Autoimmune disease where body produces autoantibodies that mimic TSH, thus increasing production of TH (hyperthyroidism)
80
What is nodular goiter?
Increase in size of thyroid gland due to increased demand for TH, usually occurs during growth.(hyperthyroidism)
81
What is a thyroid storm?
Sweating, nausea, abdominal pain, tachycardia, disorientation, agitation resulting in coma. Life threatening.
82
What is adrenal insufficiency?
Decrease in glucocorticoids.
83
What is addison's disease?
autoimmune disease, adrenal insufficiency = body develops antibodies directed against adrenal gland.
84
What is addisonian crisis?
Dehydration, loss of consciousness, decreased BP. Must contact physician is evidence of mouth lesions, sores, candidiasis present.
85
What is cushings syndrome?
Caused by elevated glucocorticoid specifically as a result of malfunction in pituitary and excess cause by medication use. Weight gain, mood swings, masculinization, hypertension, acne. Lump on back of neck (hump back)
86
What is diabetes insipidus?
Disease of kidney = cannot conserve water as they function due to lack of ADH. Excessive thirst.
87
What is diabetes mellitus?
Abnormally increase blood glucose. Defective insulin secretion.
88
What are the cardinal signs of diabetes?
``` Polydipsia - excessive thirst Polyuria - excessive urination Polyphagia - excessive ingestion of food Unexplained weight loss Weakness ```
89
What is hyperglycemia?
Insulin deficiency - blood glucose concentration rises.
90
What is type 1 diabetes?
Commonly present during childhood and adolescent
91
What is type 2 diabetes?
90-95% of diabetic pop. preventable, insulin resistance.. Usually caused by obesity.
92
What is hypoglycemia?
Low blood glucose, insulin overdose.
93
What is insulin shock?
Hypoglycemic, rapid onset, odd behavior, normal bp, pale skin.
94
How long is a red blood cells life cycle?
120 days
95
How long is white blood cells life cycle?
3-4 days
96
How long is platelets life cycle?
8-12 days
97
What is blood plasma made up from?
90% water 10% proteins.
98
What is the key element in blood clotting?
fibrinogen.
99
What is hemophilia?
Disorder that impairs ability to control blood clotting. Heredity (X chrom) males inherit from mother.
100
What is von Willebrand's disease?
Most common coagulation disorder, deficiency in clotting factor and platelet function.
101
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?
Abnormal clotting following abnormal bleeding following trauma.
102
What does "emesis" mean?
vomiting
103
What is thrombocytopenia purpura?
Low platelet count bruise.
104
What is anemia?
Most common blood disorder, reduction of red cell volume or hemoglobin concentration.
105
What is aplatsic?
Dying blood cells are not replaced.
106
What is megaloblasticpernicious anemia?
Deficiency of folic acid.
107
What is hemolytic?
Decrease in rbc number caused by excessive destruction of rbcs.
108
What is sickle cell anemia?
Inherited autosomal recessive disorder. Decreases life span. Blood is shaped differently and cannot flow properly.
109
What is acute leukemia?
Common in young people, flu symptoms. Severe gingival enlargement, NUG.
110
What is chronic leukemia?
common in middle age or older - average 72 yr/o. xposed to radiation, no cure.

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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