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Pharmacology > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two models used in a thorough medical history?

A

Medical and Dental model

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2
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease? What are the risk factors? Premed?

A

Cardiac manifestation of rheumatic fever results in valve damage.
Caused by strep throat w/in 2-3 wks.
No premed.

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3
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

Valve fails to close - irregularity of heart beat.

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4
Q

What is the risk of strep throat?

A

Can cause rheumatic hd. More prone to infection and severe carditis.

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5
Q

Which condition may occur with rheumatic heart disease?

A

Valve stenosis - valve narrows, causing drop in blood flow.
Valve regurgutatuion - blood flows in wrong direction (leak).
Heart muscle damage - weakend hear muscle.

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6
Q

How is rheumatic hd prevented?

A

Early diagnosis and tx of streptococcal pharyngeal infection.

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7
Q

DH care for rheumatic hd

A

No pre med.
biofilm control.
good OH.
frequent appts

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8
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

infection of endocardium, heart valves, or cardiac prosthesis in heart resulting from microbial invasion.

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9
Q

What are risk factor for IE? Pre med?

A

transient bacteria during DH care.
Periodontal disease.
Previous endocarditits, artificial heart valves, congenital heart conditions, heart transplands. Yes pre med.

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10
Q

What are two types of IE?

A

Acute - severe infection, can produce widespread disease.

Subacute - slow moving w/ flu symptoms.

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11
Q

IE Tx

A

Long course of antibiotics.

Heart valve replacement.

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12
Q

What is Balvular heart defects (VHD’s) ?

A

CV damage from malfunctioning heart valves.

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13
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)?

A

Common, mitral valve flops backwards.

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14
Q

How are valvular heart defects caused?

A

Can occur by stenosis (incomplete opening of the valve.
Left ventricle hypertophies to compensate for increased blood flow.
Left atrium than hypertrophies.

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15
Q

How is VHD’s Tx?

A

Corrective surgery prosthetic valves to replace defects.

Meds to control symptoms.

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16
Q

What DH care is required ?

A

Good oh control and pre med.

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17
Q

What is hypertensice cardiovascular disease (HCD)?

A

elevation of b.p.

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18
Q

Is hypertension a diease?

A

No it’s not, it’s a physical symptom.

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19
Q

What are the risks of hypertension?

A 
Hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
Heart failure.
Myocardial infarction.
Cerebrovascular accident (Stroke).
Kidney failure.
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20
Q

What are the two major types of hypertension?

A

Primary - most common, unknown cause, cradual onset.

Secondary - result of existing disease.

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21
Q

What are clincal signs and symptoms of secondary hypertension?

A

Headaches, elarged ventricles, ringing ears, dizziness, weakness.

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22
Q

What are advanced clincal signs and symptoms of hypertension?

A

Hemorrhages, enlargement, CHF, anginga, renal failure.

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23
Q

What are the functions of diuretics?

A

Renal excretion of water & sodium

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24
Q

What are the functions of sympatholytic agents?

A

Adjust sympathetic nerve activity.

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25
Q

What are the functions of vasodilators?

A

Increase blood vessel size to assist blood flow.

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26
Q

What DH care is required for hypertension?

A

Uncontrolled hypertension = post poned until regulated.

BP normal limits = care continues.

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27
Q

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A

Insufficient blood flow from coronary arteries into heart.

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28
Q

What are the four disorders associated w/ coronary heart disease?

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease.
Angina pectoris.
Coronary insufficiency.
Myocardial infarction.

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29
Q

What is angina pectoris, symptoms?

A

Inadequate O2 flow to myocardium. Squeezing chest, bruning, radiates left arm, neck & shoulder blade.

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30
Q

How is angina pectoris Tx?

A

Rest, use nitrates.

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31
Q

What results from o.d of nitrates?

A

Head ache

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32
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Reduction of blood flow on one coronary artery = death of tissue. Syntoms of angina but last 12 + hrs.

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33
Q

What is the function of nitroglycerine?

A

Relieve chest pain, increase cardiac output - strengthen and redistribute blood flow to affected myocardial tissue.

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34
Q

What is the function of anticoagulants?

A

Thin blood, increase blood flow.

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35
Q

What is sudden death?

A

Last expression of coronary heart disease, occure 24 + hrs after symptoms start.

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36
Q

What are appt guidelines for stable angina?

A

Short a.m appts. relaxing. Nitrglycerin should always be in reach.

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37
Q

DH care w/ clients w/ history of MI?

A

No modifications. Must wait 30 day after MI.

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38
Q

What is the most common drug for MI?

A

Digitalis drug - digozing (lanoxin)

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39
Q

What is cardiac dysrhythmias/arrhythmias?

A

Dysfuntions of heart reate (heart palpations)

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40
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slowness of h.b (>60bpm)

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41
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Increased h.b (

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42
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Rapid, uneven contractions in atrium. Pulse consistant w/ irregular beats.

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43
Q

What is premature ventricular contractions?

A

Normal heart rhythm has pauses.

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44
Q

What is a ventrivular fibrillation?

A

Most lethal dysrhythmias, heart rate rapid, disordered, no rhythm.

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45
Q

What is heart block?

A

Blocked impulses from atria to ventivles @ AV node interfering of electrical impulses controlling heart muscle.

46
Q

Different degree’s of heart block?

A

First-degree - associated w coronary heart disease.
Second-degree - Disorder atrial & ventricular rates.
Third-degree - all impulses from atria at AV node blocked.

47
Q

What are the symptoms of a failing pacemake?

A

Dizziness, difficulty breathing, change in pulse, swelling.

48
Q

What happens with right sided failure and left sided failure?

A

Right - difficulty reciever O2 blood from lungs.

Left - systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

49
Q

What is congenital heart disease?

A

Abnormal or disordered heart development before birth.

50
Q

What is centricular septal defect?

A

A opening between ventricles. Detected by heart murmur

51
Q

What is atrial septal defect?

A

Opening between left and right atria, blood overflow = enlarges right atrium. Goes undetected.

52
Q

What is patent ductus ateriosus?

A

Tires easily. Most commonly found in adults.

53
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

Most common closed surgery. Use catheter.

54
Q

What is a coronary stent?

A

Open narrow arteries w/ mesh-like metal.

55
Q

What is coronary bypass surgery?

A

Common procedure, replace blocked arteries.

56
Q

What is valvular defect repair?

A

Replace w/ artifical valves.

57
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory diease, classed as: intermittent, persistent, mild, moderate, severe.

58
Q

What is COPD?

A

Preventable & treatable pulmonary disorders.

59
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Overinflamation, irreversible destruction of alveoli.

60
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

inflammation of bronchial tubes lining.

61
Q

What is chronic bronchitits?

A

mucus-producing cough for at least 3 months of years for more than 2 years.

62
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

Airbone communicable disease, affects lungs. Caused by myobacterium tuberculosis.

63
Q

What are signs of active tb?

A

Chronic coughing, fever, weight loss. Short stay in hospital, 18 mnth of drug therapy.

64
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

Abnormal pauses in breathing during sleep.

65
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea

A

Most common, caused by obstruction which stops airflow in nose and mouth.

66
Q

What is central sleep apnea?

A

Rarer, occurs when brain signal instructs body to delay breathing.

67
Q

What is mixed sleep apnea?

A

Combination of obstructive sleep apnea & central sleep apnea.

68
Q

What is the hypothalamus function?

A

Maintain homeostasis.

69
Q

What function does the pituitary gland?

A

Controls functions of many target glands and cells of target organs. stimulates growth.

70
Q

What is the function of the thyroid?

A

produce hormones that control how body uses energy and proteins.

71
Q

What is a glucocorticoids?

A

Sterioid hormone, effect are essential during trauma.

72
Q

What is gonadotopins?

A

Cause ovary to secrete estrogen and progesterone = ovulation.

73
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

stimulates milk ducts, contration of uterine muscle.

74
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

Failure to produce and release hormones.

75
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Underactive thyroifs, low levels of TH, caused by problem w/ thyroid.

76
Q

What is hashimoto disease?

A

Antibody destrution of thyroid tissue resulting in decreased thyroid production.

77
Q

What is edemic goiter?

A

Result of iodide deficiency.

78
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Overactive thyroids excess TH.

79
Q

What is graves disease?

A

Autoimmune disease where body produces autoantibodies that mimic TSH, thus increasing production of TH (hyperthyroidism)

80
Q

What is nodular goiter?

A

Increase in size of thyroid gland due to increased demand for TH, usually occurs during growth.(hyperthyroidism)

81
Q

What is a thyroid storm?

A

Sweating, nausea, abdominal pain, tachycardia, disorientation, agitation resulting in coma. Life threatening.

82
Q

What is adrenal insufficiency?

A

Decrease in glucocorticoids.

83
Q

What is addison’s disease?

A

autoimmune disease, adrenal insufficiency = body develops antibodies directed against adrenal gland.

84
Q

What is addisonian crisis?

A

Dehydration, loss of consciousness, decreased BP. Must contact physician is evidence of mouth lesions, sores, candidiasis present.

85
Q

What is cushings syndrome?

A

Caused by elevated glucocorticoid specifically as a result of malfunction in pituitary and excess cause by medication use.
Weight gain, mood swings, masculinization, hypertension, acne. Lump on back of neck (hump back)

86
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Disease of kidney = cannot conserve water as they function due to lack of ADH. Excessive thirst.

87
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Abnormally increase blood glucose. Defective insulin secretion.

88
Q

What are the cardinal signs of diabetes?

A 
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyuria - excessive urination
Polyphagia - excessive ingestion of food
Unexplained weight loss
Weakness
89
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

Insulin deficiency - blood glucose concentration rises.

90
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Commonly present during childhood and adolescent

91
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

90-95% of diabetic pop. preventable, insulin resistance.. Usually caused by obesity.

92
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood glucose, insulin overdose.

93
Q

What is insulin shock?

A

Hypoglycemic, rapid onset, odd behavior, normal bp, pale skin.

94
Q

How long is a red blood cells life cycle?

A

120 days

95
Q

How long is white blood cells life cycle?

A

3-4 days

96
Q

How long is platelets life cycle?

A

8-12 days

97
Q

What is blood plasma made up from?

A

90% water 10% proteins.

98
Q

What is the key element in blood clotting?

A

fibrinogen.

99
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Disorder that impairs ability to control blood clotting. Heredity (X chrom) males inherit from mother.

100
Q

What is von Willebrand’s disease?

A

Most common coagulation disorder, deficiency in clotting factor and platelet function.

101
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

Abnormal clotting following abnormal bleeding following trauma.

102
Q

What does “emesis” mean?

A

vomiting

103
Q

What is thrombocytopenia purpura?

A

Low platelet count bruise.

104
Q

What is anemia?

A

Most common blood disorder, reduction of red cell volume or hemoglobin concentration.

105
Q

What is aplatsic?

A

Dying blood cells are not replaced.

106
Q

What is megaloblasticpernicious anemia?

A

Deficiency of folic acid.

107
Q

What is hemolytic?

A

Decrease in rbc number caused by excessive destruction of rbcs.

108
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Inherited autosomal recessive disorder. Decreases life span. Blood is shaped differently and cannot flow properly.

109
Q

What is acute leukemia?

A

Common in young people, flu symptoms. Severe gingival enlargement, NUG.

110
Q

What is chronic leukemia?

A

common in middle age or older - average 72 yr/o. xposed to radiation, no cure.

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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