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Philosophy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metaphysics?

A

Beyond pertaining to nature

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2
Q

What are the essential aspects of metaphysics?

A
  1. The attempt to make a comprehensive account of reality
  2. Study of being as being, not of being
  3. Study of most general pervasive traits of the universe
  4. Study of ultimate reality (reality as it is constituted in itself apart from our perceptions
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3
Q

Who is the founder of Western philosophy?

A

Plato

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4
Q

Essential: What is metaphysical dualism?

A

In Plato’s eyes, it is the idea that reality is bifurcated into two realms of existence:

  1. The realm of appearance; of visible objects; the world of the senses
  2. The realm of the Forms
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5
Q

Essential: What are the forms?

A

Timeless, perfect, unchanging immaterial archetypes of which existing things are imperfect copies; the essences found in all things; i.e. redness, beauty, every major general word

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6
Q

What was the form that Plato used for forms?

A

eidos

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7
Q

What does Plato illustrate in the Allegory of the Cave?

A

The dualistic theory of reality

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8
Q

What is the Allegory of the Cave about?

A

A group of prisoners are strapped in a cave and only limited to the darkness around them; one prisoner is released and sees the world then returns to the cave to unsuccessfully try to convince his friends of the glory of the outside wor

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9
Q

Does Plato directly state what is similar to the events described?

A

No

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10
Q

What is an allegory?

A

A representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms

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11
Q

What is the implied message of the allegory?

A

We must ascend through intellectuality and intelligence

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12
Q

To Plato, do we have true knowledge?

A

No, because it goes beyond the physical world

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of conjecture?

A

The lowest form/being; imagination is all that they are capable of; all creatures except humans

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14
Q

What are we limited to in order to obtain knowledge?

A

Reason; senses can only detect the world of flax that is always subject to change, can never give the universal, unchanging truths

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15
Q

Who was Plato’s most famous student?

A

Aristotle

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16
Q

What is the main difference between a Platonist and an Aristotelian?

A

A Platonist favors the abstract world of perfect truths while an Aristotelian favors the tangible, changing development of things in the concrete world

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17
Q

What did Aristotle argue was real?

A

Substances

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18
Q

What were Aristotle’s criticisms of Plato?

A

The abstract forms don’t explain concrete changes and create an unintelligible gap between the abstract and concrete

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19
Q

What was Aristotle’s opinion on metaphysics?

A

Everything has a substance that makes it what it is

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20
Q

What is the fundamental belief of Aristotle biology?

A

Essence/substance is individual

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21
Q

Essential: What is substance to Aristotle?

A

underlying ground of all phenomena; everything else depends on it for its existence; a product without essence/substance would be entirely different

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22
Q

To Descartes, who is the source of all being and existence?

A

God

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23
Q

To Descartes what are the three substances?

A

God Substance, Created Finite Spiritual Substance, and Created Finite Material Substance

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24
Q

What is the god substance?

A

The infinite, uncreated being that depends on nothing other than itself for its existence

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25
Q

What is the created finite spiritual substance?

A

The individual soul of each individual; essence is to think and have thoughts

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26
Q

What is the created finite material substance?

A

Bodies, material, matter, etc.; essence is extension

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27
Q

Who is the father of modern philosophy?

A

Descartes

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28
Q

What are the two types of substances to Descartes?

A

Mind and body (mental and physical)

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29
Q

What is the main difference between man and beast to Rousseau and Descartes?

A

When nature commands, beast obeys, buy man has the ability to resist

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30
Q

To Descartes, what are the two parts of a human?

A

Physical (digestive, muscular) and soul

31
Q

Essential: What is the only property that physical substance has?

A

Extension

32
Q

What is the name of Descartes theory?

A

Mechanism

33
Q

Essential: What is the principal attribute of the mental world to Descartes?

A

Thought

34
Q

What is the main critique that Locke had of Descartes?

A

His theory leaves a gap between quantitative things and common sense

35
Q

Essential: What are the two main distinctions to Locke?

A

Primary- exist in the body itself

Secondary- interpretation from the sense organs

36
Q

Essential: What are examples of primary and secondary qualities?

A

Primary- solidity, extension, figure

Secondary- color, smell

37
Q

Essential: To Locke, where is reality found?

A

Not in the characteristic , which is only one effect, but in the motion of something as cause

38
Q

What is substance to Locke?

A

Something that can possess both primary and secondary substances

39
Q

What do primary and secondary qualities depend on for existence?

A

Primary- matter (not dependent on consciousness)

Secondary- caused by primary, depend on mind

40
Q

What did Gottfried Leibniz have to say about substance?

A

It provides good metaphysical underpinning for understanding reality but a math account of the world is deficient

41
Q

Essential: What did Leibniz think Descartes’ theory didn’t answer?

A

Limiting matter to extension doesn’t explain unity or motion

42
Q

What terminology did Leibniz used to describe Descartes’ usage of God to answer every problem that he did not know?

A

Deus ex machina

43
Q

Essential: What were the two reasons that Leibniz believed matter was insufficient?

A

Atoms crashing together doesn’t explain unity and extended mass doesn’t explain motion

44
Q

What actually is a deus ex machina?

A

When some new event, character, ability, or object solves a seemingly unsolvable problem in a sudden, unexpected way

45
Q

To Leibniz, what two things make up the deepest aspect of reality?

A

Force and energy

46
Q

Who made the discovery that we can’t see through an item by zooming up really close?

A

Gottfried Leibniz

47
Q

What did Descartes think was the most primary substance then what did Leibniz think?

A

Extension; energy

48
Q

Who believes that nothing exists outside of the mind?

A

George Berkeley

49
Q

Which philosopher did Berkeley disagree with the most? Why?

A

John Locke; it implies that there isn’t common sense, we don’t know anything, and leads to atheism

50
Q

What is the name of the famous philosopher/author who was in the storming of the Bastille?

A

Marquis de Sade

51
Q

What occurs in de Sade’s Juliette?

A

A sadist who does all sorts of ridiculously gruesome and borderline humorous things to other people

52
Q

Who poses an argument for murder, and what is it?

A

Marquis de Sade; in nature, nothing that destroys can be criminal; also, death is a change of form that instantly creates another being)

53
Q

Essential: What does it mean to be to Berkeley?

A

To be is to be perceived

54
Q

Essential: Where does the problem of existence arise with Berkeley?

A

It is all based on the interpretation of the word “existence”; existence implies that something is always being perceived and nothing apart from a mind that perceives it

55
Q

How is something always perceived, even if no one is around to see it?

A

God always perceives and always is perceived

56
Q

Essential: What is substance to Berkeley?

A

Mind (sometimes called soul)

57
Q

What is subjective idealism?

A

The idea that there is no world outside of the mind

58
Q

Essential: To Berkeley, what does a “thing” consist of ?

A

All of its perceived qualities

59
Q

What two main philosophers did David Hume oppose?

A

Locke and Descartes

60
Q

Essential: What is rationalism?

A

Claim that reason is most important sense and test of truth

61
Q

What is deduction?

A

Reasoning from a general truth (a particular instance of that truth)

62
Q

Which ancient scientist famously used rationalism and deduction to reach his scientific conclusions?

A

Isaac Newton

63
Q

To Hume, can we ever know ultimate reality?

A

No

64
Q

Essential: What is empirical anti-Cartesianism?

A

A deliberate and defiant rejection of philosophic rationalism (Descartes’ beliefs)

65
Q

What is Cartesianism?

A

Rationalistic building of great deductive systems

66
Q

Essential: What are the two categories of human inquiry? Who sorted them?

A

Relation of ideas- algebra, geometry, arithmetic, forms a close system)
Matters of fact- things that really exist; perceived with senses;
Hume

67
Q

What are the two frameworks of knowledge to Hume?

A
  1. Sense impression

2. Ideas (combined with psychological laws of association)

68
Q

Essential: What does Hume issue a warning about?

A

The futility of metaphysical inquiry

69
Q

To Hume, what is knowledge solely based off of?

A

Experience

70
Q

Where does knowledge start to Kant?

A

Experience

71
Q

Essential: What are Kant’s two forms of judgement based off of observation?

A

A priori- prior to and independent of observations

A posteriori- relies on observation to confirm

72
Q

Essential: What are Kant’s two forms of judgement based off of operation of thought?

A

Analytic- idea of predicate is contained in subject (true by definition)
Synthetic- predicate adds something new to subject

73
Q

What was the new revolutionary idea that Kant had?

A

The object conforms to the mind and not the other way around

74
Q

Essential: To Kant, is metaphysics possible?

A

No, because we can’t make a valid statement about something like metaphysics when we are limited to our mind

Philosophy (4 decks)

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