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RAD 121 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed is

A

The law of conservation of energy

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1
Q

The transfer of energy through matter

A

Radiation

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2
Q

Having shape, form, and occupied space

A

Matter

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3
Q

The addition or removal of an electron is

A

Ionization

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4
Q

The smallest subdivision of an element is termed

A

Atom

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5
Q

Found in the nucleus o the atom

A

Neutrons and protons

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6
Q

The proton has a __________ charge

A

Positive

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7
Q

Found in the atom and has a negative charge

A

Electrons

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8
Q

The atomic mass # is determined by

A

Neutrons and protons

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9
Q

Isotopes have _______ atomic # and ______ atomic mass

A

Same

Different

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10
Q

Which orbital she’ll has the least binding energy

A

The shell furthest away from the nucleus

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11
Q

In a normal state an atom has a _______ charge

A

Neutral

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12
Q

Elements are “who they are” bc of

A

Protons and z#

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13
Q

This results in an unstable atom with a (+) charge and a free (-) charged electron

A

Ionization

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14
Q

The elemental “a” # is the number of

A

Protons and neutrons

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15
Q

Who developed the atomic model that is still used today

A

Bohr

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16
Q

Electromagnetic energies arranged by wavelength and frequency is termed

A

Electromagnetic spectrum

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17
Q

Erect associated with position is

A

Potential

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18
Q

The electromagnetic spectrum describes energies arranged by their

A

Wavelength and frequency

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19
Q

Energy associated with movement is termed

A

Kinetic

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20
Q

Xray is a form of_______ energy

A

Electromagnetic

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21
Q

The valence # of an element indicates

A

of electrons in the outer shell and well it combines with other elements

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22
Q

The octet rule states a max of _____ electrons

A

8

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23
Q

Which of the following is required for xray production

A

Vacuum, electron source, and target

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24
Q

T/F The protective housing maintains the vacuum in a X-ray tube

A

False

The glass envelope maintains vacuum

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25
Q

Which of the following is not part of the cathode

A

A positive charge

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26
Q

What enables the focusing cup to work

A

Negative charge and curved shape

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27
Q

What portion of the tube is responsible for stopping the electrons

A

Anode

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28
Q

Diagnostic X-ray tubes are typically

A

Rotating

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29
Q

Which of the following elements are found in the anode

A

Graphite
Molybdenum
Tungsten rhenium

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30
Q

Characteristic of tungsten that makes it suitable for producing xray photons include

A

High atomic #
High melting point
Heat conductability

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31
Q

The only component for the X-ray tube outside the glass envelope

A

Stator

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32
Q

Primary negative by product of xray production

A

Heat

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33
Q

May result from improper use and care of the X-ray tube

A

Cracking of anode
Pitting
Damage to bearings

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34
Q

The bearings are located inside the

A

Rotor

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35
Q

The glass envelope is made of what type of glass

A

Pyrex

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36
Q

T/F x rays are able to penetrate and ionize

A

True

37
Q

T/F X-rays can be focused by a lens

A

False

38
Q

T/F X-rays are electrically neutral and positively charged

A

False

The are negatively charged

39
Q

T/F X-rays can cause biological and chemical changes in matter

A

True

40
Q

T/F X-rays travel at the speed of sound

A

False

41
Q

mAs is the factor primarily responsible for

A

Quantity of xray photons

42
Q

Kvp primarily controls

A

Quality of xray photons

43
Q

If kVp is increased, density will

A

Increase

44
Q

If mA is increased and time is decreased density will

A

Stay the same

45
Q

Which of the following will not influence the production of xray in the tube

A

SID

46
Q

In theory ________ will influence both quantity and quality of xray production

A

Kvp

47
Q

No amount of ______ can compensate for inadequate penetration

A

mAs

48
Q

A minimum of ______ change in mAs is needed to visibly see a change in density

A

30%

49
Q

Explain the 15% rule

A

Ecuador kvp affects both quality and quantity of xray photons, an increase of 15% will cause mAs to double

Compensate: (maintain same exposure)
If Kvp decreases by 15% then double mAs
If Kvp increases by 15% then cut mAs in half

50
Q

Increasing Kvp 15% to maintain density can produce what positive effect

A

Less pt dose

51
Q

A change in SID can affect

A

Image density
Area of the field size
Beam intensity

52
Q

The relationship between SID and intensity is

A

Inverse (inverse square law)

53
Q

T/F 100 mA at 1 second and 50 mA at 2 seconds will produce the same density

A

True

54
Q

What is the mAs reciprocity formula

A

mA x time = mAs

55
Q

What part of the X-ray tube contains the filament

A

Cathode

56
Q

The filament is made of

A

Tungsten (1-2% thorium)

57
Q

The positive side of the X-ray tube is

A

The anode

58
Q

What is the name of the exact area on the anode that is struck by the electron stream

A

Focal point

59
Q

Effective compensation for the anode heel effect would involve positioning

A

The thinnest portion of the part under the anode

60
Q

What is the acceptable level of leakage from the tube housing

A

100 mR per hour measured at a distance of 1 meter

61
Q

________ is the boiling off of electrons from the filament when current is applied

A

Thermionic emissions

62
Q

What focal spot size is measured directly under the anode target

A

Effective focal spot

63
Q

In order to produce X-rays electrons must be

A

Suddenly decelerated
Accelerated
Liberated from the cathode filament

64
Q

The target angle of rotating targets typically range from

A

7°-17°

65
Q

The part of the X-ray tube that is connected to the target and causes it to turn is the

A

Rotor

66
Q

The advantage to having a focal track is

A

Higher exposure factors can be used

67
Q

Diagnostic xray exposures range from

A

30-150 Kvp

68
Q

During x Ray production the energy of the moving electrons is converted to

A

Thermal energy

Electromagnetic energy

69
Q

The larger the anode angle the

A

Larger the effective focal spot

70
Q

Due to the anode heel effect the difference in intensities between the ends of the xray field can be as much as

A

45%

71
Q

The physical area of a rotating anode focal track affected by the cathode electron beam is the

A

Actual focal spot

72
Q

List the prime factors

A

Kvp
mA
Time
Distance

73
Q

_________ is the prime factor which doesn’t affect production in the X-ray tube

A

Distance

74
Q

_________ is the prime factor associated with the inverse square law

A

Distance

75
Q

________ will determine the wavelength and frequency of the xray photons produced

A

Kvp

76
Q

Increase in _______ will increase the tube current

A

mA

77
Q

________ will influence the acceleration of electrons cathode to anode during xray production

A

Kv

78
Q

What might be a reason to increase or decrease the quantity of xray produced

A

Body part

Positional variation

79
Q

Define technique

A

Controlling prime factors to improve image quality and or reduce dose

80
Q

Where doe Brems take place

A

Around the nucleus

81
Q

What % of the xray beam is created through Brems

A

80-90%

82
Q

Describe the process of Brems

A

One incident electron is attracted to the nucleus. As it gets close it either slows and is repelled or stops into the nucleus. Kinetic energy is then changed to x Ray photons

83
Q

Is Brems predictable or unpredictable

A

Unpredictable

84
Q

Where does Characteristic take place

A

Within the shells

85
Q

What %of the xray beam is made from characteristic

A

10-20%

86
Q

Explain characteristic

A

Incident electron knocks an electron out of orbit. As electrons cascade down to ill the empty space x Ray photons are released

87
Q

Is characteristic predictable or unpredictable

A

Predictable

88
Q

Which she’ll has the greatest binding energy

A

K she’ll

89
Q

_______ is the number of protons

A

Atomic number / z #

90
Q

The simplest substance that can not be broken down into simpler forms are called

A

Elements

91
Q

List 12 x ray properties

A
  1. Penetrating. 2. Electrically neutral
  2. Varied energy and wavelength
  3. Releases heat. 5.Travel straight line
  4. Travel speed of light 7. Ionization
  5. Fluorescence. 9.cannot be focused
  6. Affects photographic film
  7. Produce biological and chemical changes
  8. Produce secondary and scatter radiation

RAD 121 (4 decks)

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