Test 1 Flashcards
0
Q
Energy cannot be created or destroyed is
A
The law of conservation of energy
1
Q
The transfer of energy through matter
A
Radiation
2
Q
Having shape, form, and occupied space
A
Matter
3
Q
The addition or removal of an electron is
A
Ionization
4
Q
The smallest subdivision of an element is termed
A
Atom
5
Q
Found in the nucleus o the atom
A
Neutrons and protons
6
Q
The proton has a __________ charge
A
Positive
7
Q
Found in the atom and has a negative charge
A
Electrons
8
Q
The atomic mass # is determined by
A
Neutrons and protons
9
Q
Isotopes have _______ atomic # and ______ atomic mass
A
Same
Different
10
Q
Which orbital she’ll has the least binding energy
A
The shell furthest away from the nucleus
11
Q
In a normal state an atom has a _______ charge
A
Neutral
12
Q
Elements are “who they are” bc of
A
Protons and z#
13
Q
This results in an unstable atom with a (+) charge and a free (-) charged electron
A
Ionization
14
Q
The elemental “a” # is the number of
A
Protons and neutrons
15
Q
Who developed the atomic model that is still used today
A
Bohr
16
Q
Electromagnetic energies arranged by wavelength and frequency is termed
A
Electromagnetic spectrum
17
Q
Erect associated with position is
A
Potential
18
Q
The electromagnetic spectrum describes energies arranged by their
A
Wavelength and frequency
19
Q
Energy associated with movement is termed
A
Kinetic
20
Q
Xray is a form of_______ energy
A
Electromagnetic
21
Q
The valence # of an element indicates
A
of electrons in the outer shell and well it combines with other elements
22
Q
The octet rule states a max of _____ electrons
A
8
23
Q
Which of the following is required for xray production
A
Vacuum, electron source, and target
24
T/F The protective housing maintains the vacuum in a X-ray tube
False
| The glass envelope maintains vacuum
25
Which of the following is not part of the cathode
A positive charge
26
What enables the focusing cup to work
Negative charge and curved shape
27
What portion of the tube is responsible for stopping the electrons
Anode
28
Diagnostic X-ray tubes are typically
Rotating
29
Which of the following elements are found in the anode
Graphite
Molybdenum
Tungsten rhenium
30
Characteristic of tungsten that makes it suitable for producing xray photons include
High atomic #
High melting point
Heat conductability
31
The only component for the X-ray tube outside the glass envelope
Stator
32
Primary negative by product of xray production
Heat
33
May result from improper use and care of the X-ray tube
Cracking of anode
Pitting
Damage to bearings
34
The bearings are located inside the
Rotor
35
The glass envelope is made of what type of glass
Pyrex
36
T/F x rays are able to penetrate and ionize
True
37
T/F X-rays can be focused by a lens
False
38
T/F X-rays are electrically neutral and positively charged
False
| The are negatively charged
39
T/F X-rays can cause biological and chemical changes in matter
True
40
T/F X-rays travel at the speed of sound
False
41
mAs is the factor primarily responsible for
Quantity of xray photons
42
Kvp primarily controls
Quality of xray photons
43
If kVp is increased, density will
Increase
44
If mA is increased and time is decreased density will
Stay the same
45
Which of the following will not influence the production of xray in the tube
SID
46
In theory ________ will influence both quantity and quality of xray production
Kvp
47
No amount of ______ can compensate for inadequate penetration
mAs
48
A minimum of ______ change in mAs is needed to visibly see a change in density
30%
49
Explain the 15% rule
Ecuador kvp affects both quality and quantity of xray photons, an increase of 15% will cause mAs to double
Compensate: (maintain same exposure)
If Kvp decreases by 15% then double mAs
If Kvp increases by 15% then cut mAs in half
50
Increasing Kvp 15% to maintain density can produce what positive effect
Less pt dose
51
A change in SID can affect
Image density
Area of the field size
Beam intensity
52
The relationship between SID and intensity is
Inverse (inverse square law)
53
T/F 100 mA at 1 second and 50 mA at 2 seconds will produce the same density
True
54
What is the mAs reciprocity formula
mA x time = mAs
55
What part of the X-ray tube contains the filament
Cathode
56
The filament is made of
Tungsten (1-2% thorium)
57
The positive side of the X-ray tube is
The anode
58
What is the name of the exact area on the anode that is struck by the electron stream
Focal point
59
Effective compensation for the anode heel effect would involve positioning
The thinnest portion of the part under the anode
60
What is the acceptable level of leakage from the tube housing
100 mR per hour measured at a distance of 1 meter
61
________ is the boiling off of electrons from the filament when current is applied
Thermionic emissions
62
What focal spot size is measured directly under the anode target
Effective focal spot
63
In order to produce X-rays electrons must be
Suddenly decelerated
Accelerated
Liberated from the cathode filament
64
The target angle of rotating targets typically range from
7°-17°
65
The part of the X-ray tube that is connected to the target and causes it to turn is the
Rotor
66
The advantage to having a focal track is
Higher exposure factors can be used
67
Diagnostic xray exposures range from
30-150 Kvp
68
During x Ray production the energy of the moving electrons is converted to
Thermal energy
| Electromagnetic energy
69
The larger the anode angle the
Larger the effective focal spot
70
Due to the anode heel effect the difference in intensities between the ends of the xray field can be as much as
45%
71
The physical area of a rotating anode focal track affected by the cathode electron beam is the
Actual focal spot
72
List the prime factors
Kvp
mA
Time
Distance
73
_________ is the prime factor which doesn't affect production in the X-ray tube
Distance
74
_________ is the prime factor associated with the inverse square law
Distance
75
________ will determine the wavelength and frequency of the xray photons produced
Kvp
76
Increase in _______ will increase the tube current
mA
77
________ will influence the acceleration of electrons cathode to anode during xray production
Kv
78
What might be a reason to increase or decrease the quantity of xray produced
Body part
| Positional variation
79
Define technique
Controlling prime factors to improve image quality and or reduce dose
80
Where doe Brems take place
Around the nucleus
81
What % of the xray beam is created through Brems
80-90%
82
Describe the process of Brems
One incident electron is attracted to the nucleus. As it gets close it either slows and is repelled or stops into the nucleus. Kinetic energy is then changed to x Ray photons
83
Is Brems predictable or unpredictable
Unpredictable
84
Where does Characteristic take place
Within the shells
85
What %of the xray beam is made from characteristic
10-20%
86
Explain characteristic
Incident electron knocks an electron out of orbit. As electrons cascade down to ill the empty space x Ray photons are released
87
Is characteristic predictable or unpredictable
Predictable
88
Which she'll has the greatest binding energy
K she'll
89
_______ is the number of protons
Atomic number / z #
90
The simplest substance that can not be broken down into simpler forms are called
Elements
91
List 12 x ray properties
1. Penetrating. 2. Electrically neutral
3. Varied energy and wavelength
4. Releases heat. 5.Travel straight line
6. Travel speed of light 7. Ionization
8. Fluorescence. 9.cannot be focused
10. Affects photographic film
11. Produce biological and chemical changes
12. Produce secondary and scatter radiation
