TEST #1 Flashcards
- The skill itself
- The performance environment
- Physical and psychological characteristics of the person performing the skill
characteristics that influence the performance of any motor skill
- An activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve OR
- An indicator of quality of performance
define skill
A __________ is a specific pattern of motion among joints and body segments used to accomplish action goals
movement
An ________ is a general trait or capacity of a person that is determinant of a person’s achievement potential for the performance of specific skills
ability
An _________ is also called a motor skill, which is an activity or task that requires voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve a goal
action
___________ are the means by which action goals are accomplished or problems solved.
Movements
Requires control of small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill (skills involving hand/eye coordination, lightly stroking someone, typing)
Fine Motor Skills
Require the use of large musculature to achieve the goal of the skill (walking jumping, lifting heavy object)
Gross Motor Skills
involves supporting surface, object, and/or other people in motion; environmental features determine when to begin the action (catching a thrown ball, walking on a crowded sidewalk)
Open Motor Skills
involves a stationary supporting surface, object, and/or other people; performer determines when to begin action (picking up a cup while seated at a table, buttoning a shirt)
Closed Motor Skills
Specified beginning and end points, usually require a simple movement (flipping a light switch, a SINGLE foot strike)
Discrete Motor Skills
- Flipping a light switch
- A single foot strike
- Hitting a piano key
- Depressing the clutch pedal in a car
examples of discrete motor skills
term that might be synonymous with the term closed motor skill
Self-paced motor skill
_______________ ___________ refers to the specific physical location where a skill is performed; it consists of three features
Environmental context
- The supporting surface on which the person performs the skill, (treadmill)
- Objects involved in performing the skill(ball, racket), and
- Other people involved in the performance situation (pitcher)
3 features of Environmental context
_____________ ________ is the interval of time between the onset of a signal that indicates a required movement and the initiation of the movement.
Reaction Time
Does NOT include an movement related to a specific action, just the time before movement begins
Reaction Time
________________ is the reaction time what the situation involves only one signal (stimulus) that requires only one response
Simple Reaction Time
_______________ is the reaction time when the situation involves more than one signal and each signal requires its own specified response; the order of the stimuli is random
Choice Reaction Time
________________ is the reaction time when the situation involves more than one signal but only one response, which is to only one of the signals; the other signals require no response
Discrimination reaction time
________________ is the reaction time is a variation of choice reaction time, the situation involves more than one signal and each signal requires its own specified response, BUT the order of the stimuli is sequential.
Serial reaction time
____________ is the unsigned deviation from the target or criterion, representing amount of error. A measure of the magnitude of an error without regard to the direction of the deviation
Absolute error
____________ is the signed (+/-) deviation from the target or criterion; it
represents amount and direction of error and serves as a measure of performance bias
Constant Error
____________ is an error score representing the variability (or consistency) of
performance
Variable Error
___________ is the difference between the actual performance and the action goal of a SINGLE attempt.
Plain Error
_____________ is a kinematic measure describing changes in the spatial positions of a limb or joint during the time course of the movement
Displacement
____________ is a kinematic measure describing the rate of change of an object’s position with respect to time. It is derived by dividing displacement by time (speed)
Velocity
_____________ is a kinematic measure that describes change in velocity during movement; we derive it from velocity by dividing change in velocity by change in time
Acceleration
_____________ is about location; the difference between where it started and where it ended. The dista.nce (in a straight line, not following roads) from your house to school
Displacement
__________ is the speed at which it moved. The speed you were driving on your way to school.
Velocity
___________ is how fast it sped up or slowed down. The speed in which you sped up to enter 1604 traffic.
Acceleration
____ measures brain activity of the cortex with electrodes
EEG (electroencephalography)
___ measure brain activity by showing blood flow and metabolic activities in the brain with the use of a radioactive solution
PET (positron emission topography)
___ measures muscle activity using either surface electrode or the insertion of fine wire electrodes into the muscle
EMG (electromyography)
___ measures brain activity by detecting blood oxygenation in the brain while a person is performing a skill or activity
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
An ________ is a general trait or capacity of a person that is determinant of a person’s achievement potential for the performance of specific skills
ability
________________ maintains that although many different motor abilities can be identified within an individual they are highly related and can be characterized in terms of singular and global motor ability. The hypothesis predicts that if a person is highly skilled in one motor skill then he or she would be expected to be skilled in all motor skills.
General motor hypothesis
Researchers say that _______ _______
dynamic balance
____________ developed this taxonomy “to define the fewest independent ability categories which might be most useful and meaningful in describing performance in the widest variety of tasks”
Fleishman
_________ dexterity is the ability to make skillful arm-hand movements to manipulate fairly large objects under speeded conditions
Manual
_________ dexterity is the ability to make skillful, controlled manipulation of tiny objects involving primarily the fingers
Finger
tested when the subject is moving
Dynamic
Know what another name for motor neurons may be
Efferent neurons
Know what the most frequently found neurons in the brain
Interneurons
The _______ lobe posterior to the central fissure is the key brain center for the control of perception of sensory information
parietal
Know about the area of the cerebral cortex that’s primarily responsible for organizing movements BEFORE they are initiated
Premotor area of the cerebral cortex
___________ _________ is a basal ganglia disorder caused by the lack of production
of the neurotransmitter dopamine by the substantia nigra
It is characterized by clow movements (bradykinesia), a reduced amount of movement (akinesia), tremor, and muscular rigidity
Parkinson’s Disease
_______ ________ the ultimate end of the transmission of motor neural information and is made up of the alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
Motor Unit
____________________ is a control problem that occurs in the designing of complex system that must produce a specific result
Degrees of freedom problem
The _________ _________ is a variation of the perception-action coupling; the
reciprocal fit between characteristics of the person and the environment that allow certain actions to happen
affordance concept
the ratio of leg length to stair height determines whether a set of stairs is climbable; someone with short legs would only be able to take small steps or one step at a time, but someone with very long legs would be able to take large steps or multiple small steps with each stride
affordance concept
