test 1 Flashcards
3 Types of Pain
- somatic- pain starts in skin/internal structures
- referred- pain from somewhere else felt other places (heart attack)
- psychogenic- no cause but sensation is felt
enkephalins
reduce pain by bonding to pain receptor sites
endorphins
thought to increase pain threshold by bonding to pain receptor sites
Serotonin
causes local vasodilation and increase permeability of capillaries
Dorsal roots
vs
ventral root
transmit Sensory/Afferent to brain info
vs
carry Motor/Efferent info to muscle
(SAME)
Nerve Fibers
(alpha) large diameter, thick myelin, fastest
(beta) large dia, thick myelin, fast
(delta) small dia, thin myelin, slow
(C) small dia, no myelin, slowest
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus
fine touch/ proprioception pathways
Spinothalamic Tract
1.
2.
- paleospinothalamic- carries slow pain
2. Neospinothamalmic- fast pain
Pain Control Theories
1.
2.
3.
- Gate Control Theory- other nerve sensations travel faster and block pain impulses
- Central Biasing Theory
- Endogenous Opiates theory
Gate Control Theory
goal is to activate more Beta fibers than C fibers. more Beta fibers = gate close, more C fibers = gate opens
Descending Pain Modulation
Transmit impulses from the brain to the spinal cord
Neuotrasmitters
Substance P: transmission of pain-producing impulses
Acetylcholine: responsible for transmitting motor nerve impulses; PNS and CNS
Norepinephrine: causes vasoconstriction; underlies “fight or flight” response
Nerve Stimulation Factors (3)
1) Diameter- first Sensory Aβ fibers, Motor nerves, Aδ and C fibers
2) depth of nerve to electrode
3) duration of the pulse
Contraindications to ESTIM
- Cardiac problem
- pacemaker
- pregnant
- cancerous legions
- infected tissue
- exposed metal implants
- unstable fractue
