test 1

Question 1

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Answer 1

founded in 1948. growing realization that man was having a profound impact on survival of biodiversity

Question 2

Marine Species on Red

Answer 2

List Relatively Few

Question 3

GMSA strategy

Answer 3

1) Complete ~20,000 Red List assessments

2) Use Biodiversity Assessment Unit methodology

Question 4

Marine Conservation

Biology

Answer 4

The Science of..

– Protecting and Recovering BIODIVERSITY

Question 5

Primary Focus of Marine Conservation Biology

Answer 5

• Conserve components of biodiversity
Unit 1: Defining Marine Conservation Biology
– Genetic, Species, Ecosystem Diversity
• Not just economic value but also to ensure use
is sustainable

Question 6

Early Man

Answer 6

Profound influences since early time
(controversial for Pleistocene megafaunal extinction
event although 80% of N. American large mammals
disappeared within 1000 years of human arrival)

Question 7

Early Man

Answer 7

• Very little evidence of early or primitive
conservation effort
• Pattern of exploitation and land use:
– Use it and move on to another source
• Interacts with environment to maximize its use
– Widespread use of fire to clear land by early people

Question 8

Early man

Answer 8

‘Conservation’ without restraint and
cost is not real conservation
• Most environmental interactions by early man do
not fit this mold despite many efforts to paint a
picture of ‘noble primitive peoples’
• One potential early aquatic e

Question 9

Francis Morris

Answer 9

Clergyman/Naturalist

F. Orpen Morris, 1860s

Question 10

Early Site-Based Conservation

Answer 10

• 1576 – All hunting banned on 
mountain in Switzerland
• 1836 – First bird sanctuary in 
England
• 1872 –Yellowstone National Park

Question 11

Sierra Club

Answer 11

Founded in 1892 by 
John Muir
– Yosemite
– Joined forces with Teddy 
Roosevelt to create 
National Parks Service

Question 12

Wilderness Society

Answer 12

Founded in 1935 by 
Aldo Leopold 
(U. of Wisconsin)
– Forestry & Game 
management ….
– Areas that are still roadless
should remain so, 
“Wilderness ideal.”

Question 13

International Union for

Conservation of Nature

Answer 13

1948 Julian Huxley, 1
st
Director of UNESCO helps 
to establish 1
st
International NGO (IUPN) 
based on threatened 
species list

Question 14

The Nature Conservancy

Answer 14

1951: Protect threatened
sites of special biological
and ecological value

Question 15

biNGO’s

Answer 15

World Wildlife Foundation
• The Nature Conservancy
• Conservation International
(offshoot of TNC, 1987)

Question 16

SSC: Species Survival

Commission

Answer 16

1966 first official

Red List Published

Question 17

parent organization of WWF

Answer 17

IUCN

Question 18

Michael Soulé

Answer 18

1978 First International Conference

on Conservation Biology.Led to creation of SCB

Question 19

Smalles ecological scale. Type 1

Answer 19

Abiotic

Question 20

smallest ecological scale Type 2

Answer 20

Biotic

1. Intraspecific
2. Inerspecific

Question 21

population

Answer 21

A group of organisms that interbreed & live in
the same place &
time

Question 22

Metapopulation

Answer 22

A group of spatially
separated populations that
interact at some level

Question 23

Community

Answer 23

A group of species interacting in the same place

Question 24

Ecosystem

Answer 24

All biotic and abiotic factors in an area

functioning as a unit

Question 25

Biome

Answer 25

A major ecological community adapted to a

particular climate or condition on a large scale

Question 26

Internal fertilization

Answer 26

Many gastropods, most crustaceans, all
Chondrichthyes, few bony fish.
complex mating behavior

Question 27

Broadcast Spawning

Answer 27

Both eggs & Sperm e.g.

» Most bony fishes, echinoderms

Question 28

Sperm only

Answer 28

» Sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, ascidians

Question 29

Allee Effect

Answer 29

• Term used when population
reduction leads to reduced reproduction.Reduction in mating success with
declining density (W.C. Allee, 1931). Opposite?
– Greater population size increases PER CAPITA
population growth

Question 30

Component Allee Effect

Answer 30

Positive relationship between specific fitness
component
• # matings, # seeds, offspring survival etc
trphy hunting, ecotorism, exoctic pets

Question 31

Demographic Allee Effect

Answer 31

Positive relationship between OVERALL
fitness and population size and therefore per
capita population growth rate and population
size. Most worrisome

Question 32

Multiple Allee Effects

Answer 32

Very common in east coast marshes, dense
aggregations
– Low density populations suffer from increased
mortality from crab predation & ice

Question 33

Anthropogenic Marine Allee Effects

Answer 33

Rare species considered more
valuable suffer enhanced
exploitation and become more rare

Question 34

Life history traits

Answer 34

Reproduction
– Dispersal patterns
– Variable habitat us

Question 35

Two major factors that influence

dispersal in marine organisms:

Answer 35

– Larval dispersal
• Influenced by spawning method
– Adult vagility
• Swimming
• Rafting

Question 36

General Human Conditions

Answer 36

poverty, ignorance, affluence,indifference, technology