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marine conservation biology > final marine conservation bio > Flashcards

final marine conservation bio Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fish produce what percentage of protein intake

A

16%

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2
Q

3 components that make up a fishery

A

Aquatic Biota, Aquatic Habitat, Human Users

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3
Q

major threats to biodiversity

A

human uncertanity, stakeholders,

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4
Q

The overall goal of fisheries management

A

produce sustainable biological, social, and
economic benefits from renewable aquatic
resources.

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5
Q

why are fisheries classified as renewable

A

organisms of interest usually
produce an annual biological surplus that,
with judicious management, can be harvested
without reducing future productivity.

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6
Q

SURPLUS PRODUCTION: Un-fished Population

A 
Biomass approaches carrying 
capacity
• Many older, larger fish dominate 
and prevent survival of majority 
of YOY
• Above carrying capacity, little 
additional production of YOY
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7
Q

Surplus Production: Fished Population

A

Higher turnover, older fish replaced by young, fast growing fish
• Some of this new production must be allowed to survive and
reproduce to maintain the population.
• The remaining or surplus production is available for harvest

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8
Q

sustainable fishery

A

Combines: theoretical disciplines & practical
strategies (e.g., population dynamics &
management)
Socially and environmentally responsible

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9
Q

Best Aquaculture

Practices

A

Shrimp

  • Tilapia
  • Channel Catfish
  • Salmon
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10
Q

Pearl Oyster Farming

A

Cleaning method the key

• Attitude of the farmer

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11
Q

History of Sustainable Seafood

A

Movement began in 1990’s, boycotts, eco-labeling, seafood guides

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12
Q

Seafood Guides

A 
Over 200  globally!
• Most based on traffic light system:
Items to avoid
Good alternatives
Best Choices
• Common criteria considered:
- Response to fishing pressure
- Abundance
- Gear Impacts
- By-catch
- Management
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13
Q

Eco-labeling /Certifications

A 
Fishery certification 
program recognizing and 
rewarding sustainable fishing.
• Work with fisheries, seafood 
companies, scientists, 
conservation groups and the 
public to promote the best 
environmental choice in 
seafood.
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14
Q

3 principles of ecolabeling.certifications

A

Sustainable fish stocks
• Minimizing environmental impact
• Effective management

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15
Q

high prodecutivity and high biomass

A

suitable

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16
Q

Protected Areas

A

Locations which receive protection because of recognized natural, ecological, or cultural
values. Only 4% are marine

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17
Q

Category Ia - Strict Nature Reserve:

A

Protected Area managed mainly for

science

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18
Q

Category Ib - Wilderness Area:

A

Protected Area managed mainly for

wilderness protection

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19
Q

Category II - National Park:

A

Protected Area managed mainly for

ecosystem conservation and recreation

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20
Q

Category III - Natural Monument:

A

Protected Area managed for conservation

of specific natural features

21
Q

Category IV - Habitat/Species

Management Area:

A

Protected Area managed mainly for
conservation through management
intervention

22
Q

Category V - Protected

Landscape/Seascape:

A

Protected Areas managed mainly for
landscape/seascape conservation and
recreation

23
Q

Category VI - Managed Resource

Protected Areas:

A

Protected Area managed mainly for the

sustainable use of natural ecosystem

24
Q

History of MPAs

A

MPAs have been in existence for centuries, while MPA
networks have only recently begun to emerge.
• The first marine protected areas were proclaimed early in the
20th century.
• By 1995 there were globally at least 1,306 sub-tidal MPAs
with a median size of 1,584 hectares.
• Almost every coastal country has some form of MPA.

25
Q

Success Story: Apo Island

A 
One of the world’s best known 
community-organized marine 
sanctuaries.
• Progress well-documented by scientific 
community.
26
Q

Effective MPA Network

Design

A

Representation
Repetition
Resilience

27
Q

Russian River, California

A 
Large drainage
Home to:
• Endangered Coho salmon
• Threatened Chinook salmon
• Threatened Steelhead trout
Threats:
• Heavy demand for water
• Frequent flooding
• High landslide potential
28
Q

Charismatic species

A

Widespread popular appeal, used to achieve

conservation goals

29
Q

Flagship species

A

Rallying point, focus for conservation with
hope of broader effect
• Other species, ecosystems, public opinion,
policies, awareness

30
Q

Sea Otters

A 
1911 Treaty for the 
Preservation and 
Protection of Fur Seals:
Moratorium on harvesting sea otters. 
Russia, Japan, Canada (GB), U.S. 
– 2007: 107,000 Sea Otters
31
Q

Green Turtle

A

Charismatic species
– Previously very abundant
• High estimates may be overstated

32
Q

Tortuguero,

Costa Rica 1950

A 
eavily exploited
– Carr realized not sustainable
– 1970‟s: protected beach & quotas
– 1990 Ban: 500% more nesting
– Now ecotourism site.  100,000 
visitors per year to replace harvest 
economy
33
Q

Leatherback Turtle

A 
• Serious declines in 
Caribbean
– Heavily exploited as bycatch
in longline and directly at 
nesting sights
• Caribbean success story
– Result of pressure to adopt 
ways to both protect nesting 
sites and to limit bycatch
• Still a conservation problem 
in Pacific
34
Q

Limiting Bycatch:

A 
Turtle Exclusion Circle hooks
• J hooks are lethally 
ingested by turtles
– 90% of J‟s swallowed and 
catch in throat
• Circle hooks snare beak or 
mouth and can be 
removed and turtle 
returned
– Only 10% of circle hooks 
swallowed.
35
Q

• Rare

Conservation

A

1) Determine behavior
2) Search innovative
solution
3) Social marketing to
adopt alternative
behavi

36
Q

Public awareness

changes:

A

Use
– Public discourse
– Votes

37
Q

Whale Recoveries

A 
Series declines from whaling through 
the 1960‟s
• Whale recoveries a result of pressure 
on many levels: declining stocks, 
public awareness
38
Q

1946: International Convention for the

Regulation of Whaling

A

“provide for the proper conservation of whale
stocks and thus make possible the orderly
development of the whaling industry”.

39
Q

Gray Whale

A 
Seriously depleted
through 1949
– Extinct in N. Atlantic 18
th
century
• N. Pacific 8,000 taken 1846-1874
– Maximum initial population size estimated 
at 20,000 (max carrying capacity)
– Now around 20,000
– DNA data suggests should be 76,000-
118,000 (but need to be confirmed)
– W. Pacific population still low: 120
40
Q

Brown Pelican Recovery

A 
Driven to near extinction
– Hunting for feathers
– Persecution by fishermen
– DDT
• Now >200,000 in US
– Endangered Species Act 
protection
– Banning of use of DDT
– Removed from 
Endangered list in 2009
41
Q

Conservation Campaigns

A 
Advocacy
– Raise awareness 
to public and 
policy makers
– Advocate for 
major reforms
– e.g. Pew
– Many others
42
Q

• Pew Oceans Commission

A 
Started 2000.  Independent Commission 
of governors, heads of NGOs, directors of 
fisheries organizations
– Comprehensive approach to changing 
National policy to protect, maintain & 
restore marine ecosystems
43
Q

U.S. Endangered Species Act

Coral Petition

A 
After IUCN listing
• CBD petition
to list 83 species in U.S. 
waters
• NOAA convened scientific 
panel to review – proposed 
66 of 83 species (final 
listing decision this 
summer)
• All already listed CITES 
Appendix II
44
Q

How does global policy come about?

A

Much of global policy enacted as a
result of commercial interests and
public opinion

45
Q

Global Policy: UNCLOS

A

United Nations Conference on Law of

the Sea

46
Q

MARPOL

A 
Recognition of oil pollution early 1900s
– 1954 UK organized conference that 
resulted in International Convention of 
Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL)
– Eventually refined in 1973 & 1978 into the 
International Convention for the 
Prevention of Pollution from Ships
47
Q

CITES

A 
Convention on International Trade in 
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 
Flora
– 1963 IUCN meeting. 
– Came into force in 1973 
• UNEP secretariat
– Protection of ~35,600 species plants & animals
48
Q

The Ramsar Convention for

Wetlands

A 
1971 meeting in Ramsar, Iran
• Conservation and sustainable use of 
wetlands
• Views migratory waterbirds and 
shorebirds as sentinels of global 
change
• Secretariat at IUCN in Gland, 
Switzerland
49
Q

CBD

A

Threats to biodiversity should be

minimized using Precautionary Principle

marine conservation biology (3 decks)

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