final marine conservation bio

Question 1

fish produce what percentage of protein intake

Answer 1

16%

Question 2

3 components that make up a fishery

Answer 2

Aquatic Biota, Aquatic Habitat, Human Users

Question 3

major threats to biodiversity

Answer 3

human uncertanity, stakeholders,

Question 4

The overall goal of fisheries management

Answer 4

produce sustainable biological, social, and
economic benefits from renewable aquatic
resources.

Question 5

why are fisheries classified as renewable

Answer 5

organisms of interest usually
produce an annual biological surplus that,
with judicious management, can be harvested
without reducing future productivity.

Question 6

SURPLUS PRODUCTION: Un-fished Population

Answer 6

Biomass approaches carrying 
capacity
• Many older, larger fish dominate 
and prevent survival of majority 
of YOY
• Above carrying capacity, little 
additional production of YOY

Question 7

Surplus Production: Fished Population

Answer 7

Higher turnover, older fish replaced by young, fast growing fish
• Some of this new production must be allowed to survive and
reproduce to maintain the population.
• The remaining or surplus production is available for harvest

Question 8

sustainable fishery

Answer 8

Combines: theoretical disciplines & practical
strategies (e.g., population dynamics &
management)
Socially and environmentally responsible

Question 9

Best Aquaculture

Practices

Answer 9

Shrimp

• Tilapia
• Channel Catfish
• Salmon

Question 10

Pearl Oyster Farming

Answer 10

Cleaning method the key

• Attitude of the farmer

Question 11

History of Sustainable Seafood

Answer 11

Movement began in 1990’s, boycotts, eco-labeling, seafood guides

Question 12

Seafood Guides

Answer 12

Over 200  globally!
• Most based on traffic light system:
Items to avoid
Good alternatives
Best Choices
• Common criteria considered:
- Response to fishing pressure
- Abundance
- Gear Impacts
- By-catch
- Management

Question 13

Eco-labeling /Certifications

Answer 13

Fishery certification 
program recognizing and 
rewarding sustainable fishing.
• Work with fisheries, seafood 
companies, scientists, 
conservation groups and the 
public to promote the best 
environmental choice in 
seafood.

Question 14

3 principles of ecolabeling.certifications

Answer 14

Sustainable fish stocks
• Minimizing environmental impact
• Effective management

Question 15

high prodecutivity and high biomass

Answer 15

suitable

Question 16

Protected Areas

Answer 16

Locations which receive protection because of recognized natural, ecological, or cultural
values. Only 4% are marine

Question 17

Category Ia - Strict Nature Reserve:

Answer 17

Protected Area managed mainly for

science

Question 18

Category Ib - Wilderness Area:

Answer 18

Protected Area managed mainly for

wilderness protection

Question 19

Category II - National Park:

Answer 19

Protected Area managed mainly for

ecosystem conservation and recreation

Question 20

Category III - Natural Monument:

Answer 20

Protected Area managed for conservation

of specific natural features

Question 21

Category IV - Habitat/Species

Management Area:

Answer 21

Protected Area managed mainly for
conservation through management
intervention

Question 22

Category V - Protected

Landscape/Seascape:

Answer 22

Protected Areas managed mainly for
landscape/seascape conservation and
recreation

Question 23

Category VI - Managed Resource

Protected Areas:

Answer 23

Protected Area managed mainly for the

sustainable use of natural ecosystem

Question 24

History of MPAs

Answer 24

MPAs have been in existence for centuries, while MPA
networks have only recently begun to emerge.
• The first marine protected areas were proclaimed early in the
20th century.
• By 1995 there were globally at least 1,306 sub-tidal MPAs
with a median size of 1,584 hectares.
• Almost every coastal country has some form of MPA.

Question 25

Success Story: Apo Island

Answer 25

``` One of the world’s best known community-organized marine sanctuaries. • Progress well-documented by scientific community. ```

Question 26

Effective MPA Network | Design

Answer 26

Representation Repetition Resilience

Question 27

Russian River, California

Answer 27

``` Large drainage Home to: • Endangered Coho salmon • Threatened Chinook salmon • Threatened Steelhead trout Threats: • Heavy demand for water • Frequent flooding • High landslide potential ```

Question 28

Charismatic species

Answer 28

Widespread popular appeal, used to achieve | conservation goals

Question 29

Flagship species

Answer 29

Rallying point, focus for conservation with hope of broader effect • Other species, ecosystems, public opinion, policies, awareness

Question 30

Sea Otters

Answer 30

``` 1911 Treaty for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals: Moratorium on harvesting sea otters. Russia, Japan, Canada (GB), U.S. – 2007: 107,000 Sea Otters ```

Question 31

Green Turtle

Answer 31

Charismatic species – Previously very abundant • High estimates may be overstated

Question 32

Tortuguero, | Costa Rica 1950

Answer 32

``` eavily exploited – Carr realized not sustainable – 1970‟s: protected beach & quotas – 1990 Ban: 500% more nesting – Now ecotourism site. 100,000 visitors per year to replace harvest economy ```

Question 33

Leatherback Turtle

Answer 33

``` • Serious declines in Caribbean – Heavily exploited as bycatch in longline and directly at nesting sights • Caribbean success story – Result of pressure to adopt ways to both protect nesting sites and to limit bycatch • Still a conservation problem in Pacific ```

Question 34

Limiting Bycatch:

Answer 34

``` Turtle Exclusion Circle hooks • J hooks are lethally ingested by turtles – 90% of J‟s swallowed and catch in throat • Circle hooks snare beak or mouth and can be removed and turtle returned – Only 10% of circle hooks swallowed. ```

Question 35

• Rare | Conservation

Answer 35

1) Determine behavior 2) Search innovative solution 3) Social marketing to adopt alternative behavi

Question 36

Public awareness | changes:

Answer 36

Use – Public discourse – Votes

Question 37

Whale Recoveries

Answer 37

``` Series declines from whaling through the 1960‟s • Whale recoveries a result of pressure on many levels: declining stocks, public awareness ```

Question 38

1946: International Convention for the | Regulation of Whaling

Answer 38

"provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry".

Question 39

Gray Whale

Answer 39

``` Seriously depleted through 1949 – Extinct in N. Atlantic 18 th century • N. Pacific 8,000 taken 1846-1874 – Maximum initial population size estimated at 20,000 (max carrying capacity) – Now around 20,000 – DNA data suggests should be 76,000- 118,000 (but need to be confirmed) – W. Pacific population still low: 120 ```

Question 40

Brown Pelican Recovery

Answer 40

``` Driven to near extinction – Hunting for feathers – Persecution by fishermen – DDT • Now >200,000 in US – Endangered Species Act protection – Banning of use of DDT – Removed from Endangered list in 2009 ```

Question 41

Conservation Campaigns

Answer 41

``` Advocacy – Raise awareness to public and policy makers – Advocate for major reforms – e.g. Pew – Many others ```

Question 42

• Pew Oceans Commission

Answer 42

``` Started 2000. Independent Commission of governors, heads of NGOs, directors of fisheries organizations – Comprehensive approach to changing National policy to protect, maintain & restore marine ecosystems ```

Question 43

U.S. Endangered Species Act | Coral Petition

Answer 43

``` After IUCN listing • CBD petition to list 83 species in U.S. waters • NOAA convened scientific panel to review – proposed 66 of 83 species (final listing decision this summer) • All already listed CITES Appendix II ```

Question 44

How does global policy come about?

Answer 44

Much of global policy enacted as a result of commercial interests and public opinion

Question 45

Global Policy: UNCLOS

Answer 45

United Nations Conference on Law of | the Sea

Question 46

MARPOL

Answer 46

``` Recognition of oil pollution early 1900s – 1954 UK organized conference that resulted in International Convention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) – Eventually refined in 1973 & 1978 into the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships ```

Question 47

CITES

Answer 47

``` Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora – 1963 IUCN meeting. – Came into force in 1973 • UNEP secretariat – Protection of ~35,600 species plants & animals ```

Question 48

The Ramsar Convention for | Wetlands

Answer 48

``` 1971 meeting in Ramsar, Iran • Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands • Views migratory waterbirds and shorebirds as sentinels of global change • Secretariat at IUCN in Gland, Switzerland ```

Question 49

CBD

Answer 49

Threats to biodiversity should be | minimized using Precautionary Principle