Test 1 Flashcards
aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS
ganglion
tertiary neurons synpase in
the somesthetic areas of the cerebral cortex
sensory nuclei for upper limb
nucleus cuneatus
neurotransmitter that is always inhibitory
glycine
protective mechanism against excess neuronal activity (seizures)
fatigue
large output neurons in the cerebral cortex
pyramidal
cerebral cortex layer where termination of most of the incoming specific sensory signals occurs
IV
origin of most of the output signals of the cerebral cortex
V and VI
what divides these primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex
central sulcus
T or F, Brocas area is almost always dominant on the right side of the brain
false
true of false, declarative memory includes….
true
studies in aplysia (sea slug) showed stimulation of facilitator presynaptic terminal at the same time that sensory terminal is stimulated causes release of
serotonin
which neuron (primary, secondary, or tertiary) decussates in sensory pathways
secondary neurons (second order neurons)
which association area plays a role or contributes to planning effective movements, etc
prefrontal association area
which area is mainly responsible for language comprehension
wernickes area
location of wernickes area is
temporal lobe
which is not part of the analgesia system
nucleus ruber
neuronal area stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber. Each input fiber has the greatest number of terminals (where input meets dendrite) on the nearest neuron in its field
stimulatory field
T or F: fast pain fibers are generally elicited by mechanical and thermal stimuli while slow pain fibers can be elicited by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli
true
what is true about a diverging circuit
the answer is both A and B
i. May result in amplification of initial signal
ii. may allow transmission of original signal to separate areas
where is the sensation of the lips from
the lateral 2/3 of the temporal hemisphere
what causes a headache
sinus inflammation, blood vessels around the meninges inflamed, inflammation of the meninges, problem focusing eyes
the answer was ALL OF THE ABOVE
true or false: fast pain is characterized as starting 1 second…..
False- it was the definition of slow pain
tertiary neurons synapse in
the cerebral cortex
the area in which all the neurons are stimulated enough to be excited by the incoming fibers from 1 input fiber; includes all the output fibers stimulated by the incoming fiber
discharge zone
brown sequard syndrome…
from (slide 27 lecture 4)
hemisection of the spinal cord
all motor functions are blocked on the side of the transection in all segments below the level of transection
sensations of pain, heat and cold (spinothalamic pathway) are lost of the opposite side of the body in dermatomes two to six segments below the level of the transection
kinsthetic and position sensations, vibration sensation, discrete localization, and two point discrimination are lost of the side of the transection in all dermatomes below the level of the transection
which one is true regarding cutting the corpus callosum
Answer may be A…
from slide 22 lecture 2
cutting the corpus callosum results in…
1. blocking of transfer of information from wernickes area to non dominant motor cortex
2. prevention of the transfer of somatic and visual information from right hemisphere into wernickes area
3. results in two entirely separate conscious portions of the brain
increased signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater number of fibers
spatial summation
there is a figure of circuits, which circuits are reverberating
A and D are reverberating
focal point beyond retina (farsightedness)
hyperopia
afferent fibers in golgi tendon
Ib (one b)
all of the following are direct pathway cells except
amacrine cells
activates cGMP phosphodiesterase
transducin
respond to rapid changes in visual image
Y ganglion cells
T or F: when the lens is in a relaxed state with no tension on its capsule, it assumes an almost spherical shape
True
where does crossing over occur between the right and left pathways
trapezoid body of the medulla
how a person determines the direction from which sound comes
auditory association cortex
in the dark…
scotopsin and all trans-retinal
60 dipoles…
power of the eyes is 60 diopters
primary visual cortex made of how many layers
6 layers
optic nerve
ganglion cels
what NT for rods and cones to bipolar cells
glutamate
T or F: aqueous humor provides oxygen to the (retina?)
False
Cant remember the question but was which of these is not true
something about -70mV was false
(under dark conditions there is reduced electronegativity inside the outer rod segment membrane (-40mV rather than the expected -70mV to -80mV))
T or F: the cerebellums not required for locomotion
True
Neurotransmitter that is always inhibitory
GABA
two point discrimination is testing which pathway
dorsal medial lemniscal pathway
which area is insensitive to pain in any type of viscera
parenchyma of the liver
tonic receptors
slow adapting, continuous, transmits impulses as long as stimulus is present, chemo and baroreceptors
phasic receptors
rapidly adapting, not continuous, stimulated only when stimulus strength changes
tertiary fibers and neurons go through
internal capsule
what type of fibers are slow pain
c type fibers
what type of fibers are fast pain
A gamma fibers
referred pain from heart is where
left arm
reffered pain from gallbladder is where
top right stomach
referred pain from appendix is where
middle central stomach
cold/hot temp pathways is what pathway
anterolateral lemniscal pathway
presbyopia
accommodation in older people, farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of lens of eye
foveal region has what three neurons in direct pathway
cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells
peripheral retina is more or less sensitive to weak light
more sensitive
peripheral retina has these types of cells
W ganglion cells
responsible for most spinal cord integrative function
interneurons
renshaw cells cause
lateral inhibition
olivary nucleus was a random answer…..
so remember that!!
