Test 1

Question 1

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Answer 1

ganglion

Question 2

tertiary neurons synpase in

Answer 2

the somesthetic areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 3

sensory nuclei for upper limb

Answer 3

nucleus cuneatus

Question 4

neurotransmitter that is always inhibitory

Answer 4

glycine

Question 5

protective mechanism against excess neuronal activity (seizures)

Answer 5

fatigue

Question 6

large output neurons in the cerebral cortex

Answer 6

pyramidal

Question 7

cerebral cortex layer where termination of most of the incoming specific sensory signals occurs

Answer 7

IV

Question 8

origin of most of the output signals of the cerebral cortex

Answer 8

V and VI

Question 9

what divides these primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex

Answer 9

central sulcus

Question 10

T or F, Brocas area is almost always dominant on the right side of the brain

Answer 10

false

Question 11

true of false, declarative memory includes….

Answer 11

true

Question 12

studies in aplysia (sea slug) showed stimulation of facilitator presynaptic terminal at the same time that sensory terminal is stimulated causes release of

Answer 12

serotonin

Question 13

which neuron (primary, secondary, or tertiary) decussates in sensory pathways

Answer 13

secondary neurons (second order neurons)

Question 14

which association area plays a role or contributes to planning effective movements, etc

Answer 14

prefrontal association area

Question 15

which area is mainly responsible for language comprehension

Answer 15

wernickes area

Question 16

location of wernickes area is

Answer 16

temporal lobe

Question 17

which is not part of the analgesia system

Answer 17

nucleus ruber

Question 18

neuronal area stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber. Each input fiber has the greatest number of terminals (where input meets dendrite) on the nearest neuron in its field

Answer 18

stimulatory field

Question 19

T or F: fast pain fibers are generally elicited by mechanical and thermal stimuli while slow pain fibers can be elicited by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli

Answer 19

true

Question 20

what is true about a diverging circuit

Answer 20

the answer is both A and B

i. May result in amplification of initial signal
ii. may allow transmission of original signal to separate areas

Question 21

where is the sensation of the lips from

Answer 21

the lateral 2/3 of the temporal hemisphere

Question 22

what causes a headache

Answer 22

sinus inflammation, blood vessels around the meninges inflamed, inflammation of the meninges, problem focusing eyes

the answer was ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 23

true or false: fast pain is characterized as starting 1 second…..

Answer 23

False- it was the definition of slow pain

Question 24

tertiary neurons synapse in

Answer 24

the cerebral cortex

Question 25

the area in which all the neurons are stimulated enough to be excited by the incoming fibers from 1 input fiber; includes all the output fibers stimulated by the incoming fiber

Answer 25

discharge zone

Question 26

brown sequard syndrome...

Answer 26

from (slide 27 lecture 4) hemisection of the spinal cord all motor functions are blocked on the side of the transection in all segments below the level of transection sensations of pain, heat and cold (spinothalamic pathway) are lost of the opposite side of the body in dermatomes two to six segments below the level of the transection kinsthetic and position sensations, vibration sensation, discrete localization, and two point discrimination are lost of the side of the transection in all dermatomes below the level of the transection

Question 27

which one is true regarding cutting the corpus callosum

Answer 27

Answer may be A... from slide 22 lecture 2 cutting the corpus callosum results in... 1. blocking of transfer of information from wernickes area to non dominant motor cortex 2. prevention of the transfer of somatic and visual information from right hemisphere into wernickes area 3. results in two entirely separate conscious portions of the brain

Question 28

increased signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater number of fibers

Answer 28

spatial summation

Question 29

there is a figure of circuits, which circuits are reverberating

Answer 29

A and D are reverberating

Question 30

focal point beyond retina (farsightedness)

Answer 30

hyperopia

Question 31

afferent fibers in golgi tendon

Answer 31

Ib (one b)

Question 32

all of the following are direct pathway cells except

Answer 32

amacrine cells

Question 33

activates cGMP phosphodiesterase

Answer 33

transducin

Question 34

respond to rapid changes in visual image

Answer 34

Y ganglion cells

Question 35

T or F: when the lens is in a relaxed state with no tension on its capsule, it assumes an almost spherical shape

Answer 35

True

Question 36

where does crossing over occur between the right and left pathways

Answer 36

trapezoid body of the medulla

Question 37

how a person determines the direction from which sound comes

Answer 37

auditory association cortex

Question 38

in the dark...

Answer 38

scotopsin and all trans-retinal

Question 39

60 dipoles...

Answer 39

power of the eyes is 60 diopters

Question 40

primary visual cortex made of how many layers

Answer 40

6 layers

Question 41

optic nerve

Answer 41

ganglion cels

Question 42

what NT for rods and cones to bipolar cells

Answer 42

glutamate

Question 43

T or F: aqueous humor provides oxygen to the (retina?)

Answer 43

False

Question 44

Cant remember the question but was which of these is not true

Answer 44

something about -70mV was false (under dark conditions there is reduced electronegativity inside the outer rod segment membrane (-40mV rather than the expected -70mV to -80mV))

Question 45

T or F: the cerebellums not required for locomotion

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Neurotransmitter that is always inhibitory

Answer 46

GABA

Question 47

two point discrimination is testing which pathway

Answer 47

dorsal medial lemniscal pathway

Question 48

which area is insensitive to pain in any type of viscera

Answer 48

parenchyma of the liver

Question 49

tonic receptors

Answer 49

slow adapting, continuous, transmits impulses as long as stimulus is present, chemo and baroreceptors

Question 50

phasic receptors

Answer 50

rapidly adapting, not continuous, stimulated only when stimulus strength changes

Question 51

tertiary fibers and neurons go through

Answer 51

internal capsule

Question 52

what type of fibers are slow pain

Answer 52

c type fibers

Question 53

what type of fibers are fast pain

Answer 53

A gamma fibers

Question 54

referred pain from heart is where

Answer 54

left arm

Question 55

reffered pain from gallbladder is where

Answer 55

top right stomach

Question 56

referred pain from appendix is where

Answer 56

middle central stomach

Question 57

cold/hot temp pathways is what pathway

Answer 57

anterolateral lemniscal pathway

Question 58

presbyopia

Answer 58

accommodation in older people, farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of lens of eye

Question 59

foveal region has what three neurons in direct pathway

Answer 59

cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

Question 60

peripheral retina is more or less sensitive to weak light

Answer 60

more sensitive

Question 61

peripheral retina has these types of cells

Answer 61

W ganglion cells

Question 62

responsible for most spinal cord integrative function

Answer 62

interneurons

Question 63

renshaw cells cause

Answer 63

lateral inhibition

Question 64

olivary nucleus was a random answer.....

Answer 64

so remember that!!