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Physiology 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglion

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2
Q

tertiary neurons synpase in

A

the somesthetic areas of the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

sensory nuclei for upper limb

A

nucleus cuneatus

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4
Q

neurotransmitter that is always inhibitory

A

glycine

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5
Q

protective mechanism against excess neuronal activity (seizures)

A

fatigue

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6
Q

large output neurons in the cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal

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7
Q

cerebral cortex layer where termination of most of the incoming specific sensory signals occurs

A

IV

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8
Q

origin of most of the output signals of the cerebral cortex

A

V and VI

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9
Q

what divides these primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex

A

central sulcus

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10
Q

T or F, Brocas area is almost always dominant on the right side of the brain

A

false

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11
Q

true of false, declarative memory includes….

A

true

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12
Q

studies in aplysia (sea slug) showed stimulation of facilitator presynaptic terminal at the same time that sensory terminal is stimulated causes release of

A

serotonin

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13
Q

which neuron (primary, secondary, or tertiary) decussates in sensory pathways

A

secondary neurons (second order neurons)

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14
Q

which association area plays a role or contributes to planning effective movements, etc

A

prefrontal association area

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15
Q

which area is mainly responsible for language comprehension

A

wernickes area

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16
Q

location of wernickes area is

A

temporal lobe

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17
Q

which is not part of the analgesia system

A

nucleus ruber

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18
Q

neuronal area stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber. Each input fiber has the greatest number of terminals (where input meets dendrite) on the nearest neuron in its field

A

stimulatory field

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19
Q

T or F: fast pain fibers are generally elicited by mechanical and thermal stimuli while slow pain fibers can be elicited by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli

A

true

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20
Q

what is true about a diverging circuit

A

the answer is both A and B

i. May result in amplification of initial signal
ii. may allow transmission of original signal to separate areas

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21
Q

where is the sensation of the lips from

A

the lateral 2/3 of the temporal hemisphere

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22
Q

what causes a headache

A

sinus inflammation, blood vessels around the meninges inflamed, inflammation of the meninges, problem focusing eyes

the answer was ALL OF THE ABOVE

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23
Q

true or false: fast pain is characterized as starting 1 second…..

A

False- it was the definition of slow pain

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24
Q

tertiary neurons synapse in

A

the cerebral cortex

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25
Q

the area in which all the neurons are stimulated enough to be excited by the incoming fibers from 1 input fiber; includes all the output fibers stimulated by the incoming fiber

A

discharge zone

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26
Q

brown sequard syndrome…

A

from (slide 27 lecture 4)
hemisection of the spinal cord
all motor functions are blocked on the side of the transection in all segments below the level of transection
sensations of pain, heat and cold (spinothalamic pathway) are lost of the opposite side of the body in dermatomes two to six segments below the level of the transection
kinsthetic and position sensations, vibration sensation, discrete localization, and two point discrimination are lost of the side of the transection in all dermatomes below the level of the transection

27
Q

which one is true regarding cutting the corpus callosum

A

Answer may be A…
from slide 22 lecture 2
cutting the corpus callosum results in…
1. blocking of transfer of information from wernickes area to non dominant motor cortex
2. prevention of the transfer of somatic and visual information from right hemisphere into wernickes area
3. results in two entirely separate conscious portions of the brain

28
Q

increased signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater number of fibers

A

spatial summation

29
Q

there is a figure of circuits, which circuits are reverberating

A

A and D are reverberating

30
Q

focal point beyond retina (farsightedness)

A

hyperopia

31
Q

afferent fibers in golgi tendon

A

Ib (one b)

32
Q

all of the following are direct pathway cells except

A

amacrine cells

33
Q

activates cGMP phosphodiesterase

A

transducin

34
Q

respond to rapid changes in visual image

A

Y ganglion cells

35
Q

T or F: when the lens is in a relaxed state with no tension on its capsule, it assumes an almost spherical shape

A

True

36
Q

where does crossing over occur between the right and left pathways

A

trapezoid body of the medulla

37
Q

how a person determines the direction from which sound comes

A

auditory association cortex

38
Q

in the dark…

A

scotopsin and all trans-retinal

39
Q

60 dipoles…

A

power of the eyes is 60 diopters

40
Q

primary visual cortex made of how many layers

A

6 layers

41
Q

optic nerve

A

ganglion cels

42
Q

what NT for rods and cones to bipolar cells

A

glutamate

43
Q

T or F: aqueous humor provides oxygen to the (retina?)

A

False

44
Q

Cant remember the question but was which of these is not true

A

something about -70mV was false
(under dark conditions there is reduced electronegativity inside the outer rod segment membrane (-40mV rather than the expected -70mV to -80mV))

45
Q

T or F: the cerebellums not required for locomotion

A

True

46
Q

Neurotransmitter that is always inhibitory

A

GABA

47
Q

two point discrimination is testing which pathway

A

dorsal medial lemniscal pathway

48
Q

which area is insensitive to pain in any type of viscera

A

parenchyma of the liver

49
Q

tonic receptors

A

slow adapting, continuous, transmits impulses as long as stimulus is present, chemo and baroreceptors

50
Q

phasic receptors

A

rapidly adapting, not continuous, stimulated only when stimulus strength changes

51
Q

tertiary fibers and neurons go through

A

internal capsule

52
Q

what type of fibers are slow pain

A

c type fibers

53
Q

what type of fibers are fast pain

A

A gamma fibers

54
Q

referred pain from heart is where

A

left arm

55
Q

reffered pain from gallbladder is where

A

top right stomach

56
Q

referred pain from appendix is where

A

middle central stomach

57
Q

cold/hot temp pathways is what pathway

A

anterolateral lemniscal pathway

58
Q

presbyopia

A

accommodation in older people, farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of lens of eye

59
Q

foveal region has what three neurons in direct pathway

A

cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

60
Q

peripheral retina is more or less sensitive to weak light

A

more sensitive

61
Q

peripheral retina has these types of cells

A

W ganglion cells

62
Q

responsible for most spinal cord integrative function

A

interneurons

63
Q

renshaw cells cause

A

lateral inhibition

64
Q

olivary nucleus was a random answer…..

A

so remember that!!

Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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