Physiology II Test 3 Review 1 Flashcards
Hydrochloric acid is produced through (driving force for HCL secretion in stomach - potassium - hydrogen pump)
Hydrogen-potassium pump
Which of these can cause increased heat production?
All of the above
The ability of the hypothalamus to regulate temperature is lost
85 F
Layers of the gut wall
Serosa Longitudinal smooth muscle layer Myenteric plexus Circular smooth muscle layer Meissner's plexus Mucosa
GI tract is mostly regulated by which ion?
Calcium
Cells of Cajal
Pacemakers
What would NOT cause tonic contractions?
Food in the gut wall
What controls the external anal sphincter?
Somatic innervation from the pudendal nerve
Voluntary phase of swallowing ends in the
Esophagus
T or F Parietal cells secrete pepsinogen
False
What is the concentration of ions during maximal secretion?
Sodium and chloride increase and potassium decreases
T or F The cerebellum learns from its mistakes
True
Release histamine
Enterochromaffin-like cells
Accounts for 60% of gastric secretions
Gastric phase
Secretions are mainly serous
Parotid gland
Blood flow to the liver
Portal vein and hepatic arteries
Does not require energy
Bicarbonate pump
The set point is
31.7 C
T or F Meissner’s plexus consists of smooth muscle
False
Which of the following does not result in heat production?
Sweating
What controls the set point?
Skin temperature
The striatum consists of the Caudate and the
Putamen
Receives signals for skin temperature
Anterior hypothalamus
List factors that cause depolarization
All of the above
- Stretching of muscle
- Stimulation by acetylcholine (parasympathetic via vagus nerve) or circulating
- Stimulation by specific GI hormones
T or F A person can withstand temperatures of 130 F when the air is 100% humidified
False
T or F Anterior hypothalamus primarily detects cold sensations?
True?
Enterogastric, colonoilial and gastrocolic reflexes are
Gut to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglion then back to GI
_____ core body heat to skin surface at -75 F
?
T or F Peripheral temp detection relies on cool/cold instead of warm
True
Heating what results in sweating, vasodilation and inhibition of heat production
Anterior hypothalamic area
T or F Cooling anterior hypothalamic are increases thyrotropin releasing hormone, leading to increase thyroxine output
True
Critical core temp
37.1 C
Stimuli for pepsinogen secretion
All of the above
- Acid in the stomach
- Vagus nerves
- Gastric enteric plexus
Causitive of fever
All of the above
- Brain abnormalities
- Surgery in hypothalamus
- Prostaglandins
- LPS toxins
T or F Smooth muscle of gut wall has spike waves occurring automatically when resting potential becomes more + than -40mV
True
What is the concentration of ions during maximal secretion?
[Na+, Cl-] = 1/2-2/3 plasma; [K+] = 4x plasma
Net ATP gain from glycolysis
2
How many high energy phosphate bonds are needed to form peptide linkage
4
When substrate concentration is high
Reaction rate is determined almost entirely by concentration of enzyme
Major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body
ADP
The maximum number of ATP molecules per glucose molecule is
38
Amount of free energy in each high energy bond per mole of ATP under biological conditions
Exergonic: 12,000
Large amount of fluid in abdominal cavity
Ascites
Increases liver resistance to blood flow
Cirrhosis
Which of the following is correct?
Liver has high blood flow and low vascular resistance
Found between endothelial cells and hepatocytes
Space of Disse
Major pigment in bile
Bilirubin
Heme is converted by heme oxygenase into
Biliverdin
All of the following are characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome except:
Don't know answer. Metabolic syndrome causes: Obesity (esp abd and omental fat) Insulin resistance Fasting hyperglycemia Increased lipid triglycerides Decreased HDL levels Hypertension Cardiovascular disease
Transport mechanism in the liver
Carnitine
Pepsinogen is secreted by parietal cells
False
External anal sphincter innervation
Somatic via pudendal
Driving force for HCL secretion in stomach
Potassium hydrogen pump
Blood supply to liver
A and B only
Portal vein, hepatic arteries
HCL secretion which does not require energy
Bicarbonate chloride exchanger
Ion channel primarily responsible for GI smooth muscle action potential
Calcium
HCL secretion in stomach stimulated by
Histamine
Layers of gut wall from in to out
Mucosa
Lamina propia
Submucosa
Circular muscle layer
First defense against infection
Local macrophages
T or F Normally, about 90% of erythropoietin is formed in the liver
False, mostly formed in the kidneys, remainder if formed in liver
How is iron transported in the blood?
When bound to transferrin
How is B12 able to be absorbed by the gut
Has to be attached to intrinsic factor
What cells contain lysosomes that contain large amounts of lipase, which can digest thick lipid membranes
Macrophages