Test 1 Flashcards
Criteria for Determining
Abnormality
– Unusualness
– Social deviance
– Faulty perceptions/interpretations of reality
– Significant personal/emotional distress
– Maladaptive/self-defeating behavior
– Dangerousness
Biological Perspective
Abnormal behavior results from
organic/physiological factors
Genetics
Nervous System
Soma
process info
Axons
send impulses
Dendrites
receive impulses
Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine – influences movement/attention (schizo.)
- Serotonin – regulates mood (depression)
Psychoanalytic
–Abnormal behavior results from
unconscious motives/conflicts
Involve sexual & aggressive urges
Structure of mind
- Conscious – present awareness
- Preconscious – not aware of but may be brought to
consciousness - Unconscious – not aware of
Structure of personality
- Id – pleasure principle (instant gratification)
- Ego – reality principle (practical/possible)
- Superego – ideal principle (moral/values)
Defense mechanisms
– Repression – exclude unwanted thoughts from
consciousness (past)
– Rationalization – find reasonable explanations for
unacceptable behaviors
– Regression – return to earlier stage of development
– Denial – does not acknowledge unpleasant event or accept
reality (present)
Behaviorist
Abnormal behavior represents
learning of inappropriate/
maladaptive behaviors
earning models
–Operant conditioning
Reinforcement vs punishment
–Modeling - learn by observation
Humanistic
– Abnormal behavior results from poor self-
concept & lack of personal growth
– Self-actualizing – reach full potential
– Unconditional positive regard –
everyone is worthy of love
Cognitive
–Abnormal behavior results from
inaccurate/biased beliefs
–Cognitive distortions
Absolute thinking – viewing in extremes
Overgeneralization – make a rule based
on a few incidences/events
Sociocultural Perspective
Abnormal behavior results from
social/cultural factors (gender,
ethnicity, class)
Biopsychosocial Perspective
Abnormal behavior results from
multiple factors
Diathesis-Stress Model
Predisposition + Stressors =
Disorder
Clinical Interview
– Identifying information
– Description of presenting problems
– Psychosocial history
– Psychiatric history
– Medical problems/medication
Intelligence tests
– Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
– Wechsler Intelligence Scale - Children (WISC)
Projective Tests
– Projective tests
Rorschach
–10 inkblots
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
–Cards depict ambiguous scenes
Objective tests
- Range of responses is limited
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory
–~575 true-false questions
Neuropsychological Assessment
Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test
Assess brain damage
Behavioral Assessment
– Self-Monitoring
– Behavioral Rating Scales
Physiological Assessment
– Positron emission tomography (PET)
– Tracer mixed with glucose & injected
Free association
uncensored thoughts
Say whatever comes to mind
Resistance
unwilling/unable to discuss material
Dream analysis
Not used often
Transference
client transfers feelings to
therapist
Countertransference
therapist transfers
feelings to client
Behavior Therapy
-Systematic desensitization
-Modeling
-Token economy
-Aversive conditioning
Humanistic Therapy
-Unconditional positive regard
-Empathy
-Genuineness
Cognitive Therapy
Change cognitive distortions/maladaptive beliefs
Eclectic Therapy
Use multiple approaches/techniques
Group, Family, & Couples Therapy
– Group therapy – members provide support
– Family/couples therapy – examine faulty patterns
of communication
Drug Therapy
– Antianxiety drugs
– Antipsychotic drugs
– Antidepressants - SSRIs
– Lithium – bipolar disorder
Stress
– Reactions: physical, psychological, behavioral
– Vulnerability depends upon coping skills & social
support
Physical reactions to stress
– Tense muscles, headaches, nausea, loss of hair,
cardiovascular disease
General Adaptation Scale (GAS)
– Alarm reaction – mobilize body for defense
* Fight or flight
– Resistance – renew spent energy & repair damage
– Exhaustion – heart rate, breathing decrease
Psychological reactions to stress
Anxiety, fear, anger, depression, frustration
Adjustment Disorders
– Maladaptive response to identifiable stressor(s)
* Doesn’t last > 6 months after stressor has ended
– Distress is out of proportion to stressor(s) and/or significant
impairment in social/occupational functioning
Prolonged Grief Disorder
– Death (> 12 months ago) of person close to client
– Intense yearning/longing for deceased person and/or
preoccupation with thoughts/memories of them
– 3 or more symptoms
* Identity disruption - Difficulty reintegrating
* Disbelief about the death - Emotional numbness
* Avoidance of reminders - Meaninglessness of life
* Emotional pain - Loneliness
Behavioral reactions to stress
– Jumpy
– Interfere/help performance
– Quit jobs, move, drop-out
– Aggression, alcohol, drugs
– Suicide
Treatments for stress
– Meditation
– Relaxation
– Nutrition/exercise
Trauma-Related Disorders
– Acute Stress Disorder (lasts 3 days - 1 month)
– Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (lasts > 1 month)
Major Features/Symptoms of Trauma-Related Disorders
– Intrusion (flashbacks/nightmares)
– Avoidance (cues/reminders)
– Negative emotional states (anger/guilt)
– Arousal/Reactivity (hypervigilance/startle response)
